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. 2023 Sep 5;15(18):3866. doi: 10.3390/nu15183866

Table 1.

Synopsis highlighting the main features of cases (n = 104) with LT published so far.

Sex Age Electrolyte Abnormalities ECG Alterations Clinical Presentation Aldosterone (pmol/L) Cortisol (nmol/L) Serum GA Levels (ng/mL) Outcome
Hyper-natremia Hypokalemia Metabolic Alkalosis Muscle Disorders Neurological MACEs GI Disorders Hypertension Hospital Admission Death
Gross et al., 1966 [7] F 45 NO YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Conn et al., 1968 [8] M 58 YES YES YES N/A N/A YES NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Tourtelotte et al., 1970 [9] F 63 NO YES N/A YES YES NO NO YES YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Holmes et al., 1970 [10] M 63 YES YES N/A YES YES YES NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Bannister et al., 1977 [11] F 58 NO YES N/A YES YES NO YES NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Cumming et al., 1980 [12] F 70 NO YES NO N/A YES NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Nightingale et al., 1981 [13] F 25 NO YES YES YES YES NO NO YES NO N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Sundaram et al., 1981 [14] F 33 NO YES N/A NO NO NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Cibelli et al., 1984 [15] M 48 NO YES N/A YES YES YES NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Nielsen et al., 1984 [16] F 20 NO YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Farese et al., 1991 [17] M 70 NO YES N/A N/A YES NO NO NO NO N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Kageyama 1992 [18] M 54 NO YES N/A N/A NO NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Van Der Zwan 1993 [19] M 15 NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Heikens et al., 1995 [20] F 40 YES YES YES N/A NO NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Barella et al., 1997 [21] M 61 N/A YES N/A YES YES NO NO NO YES 95 N/A N/A YES NO
Chamberlain et al., 1997 [22] M 64 NO YES N/A NO NO NO NO NO N/A N/A N/A N/A YES NO
De Klerk et al., 1997 [23] F 21 NO YES N/A N/A NO NO NO NO YES 160 N/A N/A NO NO
De Klerk et al., 1997 [23] F 35 NO YES N/A N/A NO NO NO NO YES 80 N/A N/A NO NO
Hasegawa et al., 1998 [24] M 65 NO YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO <25 N/A N/A YES NO
Erikson et al., 1999 [25] F 44 NO YES N/A YES YES NO NO NO YES 4200 N/A N/A NO NO
Russo et al., 1999 [26] M 42 NO YES N/A N/A NO YES NO NO YES 180 N/A N/A YES NO
Russo et al., 1999 [26] M 46 NO YES YES YES NO YES NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A NO NO
Lozano et al., 2000 [27] F 34 NO YES N/A YES NO NO NO NO NO 68 14.5 N/A YES NO
Dobbins et al., 2000 [28] M 62 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A NO NO
Dobbins et al., 2001 [28] M 76 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A NO NO
Dobbins et al., 2002 [28] F 26 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A NO NO
Dobbins et al., 2003 [28] M 65 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A NO NO
Dobbins et al., 2004 [28] M 39 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A NO NO
Elinav et al., 2003 [29] M 36 N/A YES N/A YES YES YES NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Lin S. et al., 2003 [30] M 76 YES YES YES N/A YES YES NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Hall et al., 2004 [31] F 62 N/A N/A N/A N/A NO NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A NO NO
Janse et al., 2005 [32] F 85 NO YES N/A N/A NO YES NO NO YES 30 N/A N/A YES NO
Van Den Bosch et al., 2005 [33] M 59 YES YES YES N/A YES YES NO NO YES 1.48 N/A 257 YES NO
Breidthardt et al., 2006 [34] N/A 67 NO YES N/A N/A NO NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Hamidon et al., 2006 [35] M 31 YES NO YES N/A YES YES NO NO YES N/A 420 N/A YES NO
Yasue et al., 2007 [36] F 93 NO YES YES YES YES NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Francini-Pesenti et al., 2008 [37] F 39 NO YES N/A N/A YES YES NO YES NO 15.08 N/A N/A YES NO
Mumoli et al., 2008 [38] M 55 N/A YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO 60 N/A N/A YES NO
Sontia et al., 2008 [39] F 55 YES YES N/A N/A NO NO NO NO YES 31 N/A N/A NO NO
Tancevsky et al., 2008 [40] F 54 N/A YES N/A YES NO YES NO NO N/A N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Meltem et al., 2009 [41] M 21 NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Crean et al., 2009 [42] F 71 NO YES N/A YES NO NO YES NO NO N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Johns 2009 [43] F 49 NO NO NO N/A YES NO YES NO NO N/A N/A N/A NO NO
Murphy et al., 2009 [44] F 64 NO YES N/A NO NO NO NO NO YES 60 N/A N/A NO NO
Yorgun et al., 2010 [45] F 50 NO YES NO YES YES YES YES NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Katchanov et al., 2010 [46] M 70 NO YES YES N/A YES NO NO NO YES 75 N/A N/A YES NO
Velickovic-Radovanovic et al., 2010 [47] F 39 NO YES NO YES YES NO NO YES YES 14.28 N/A N/A YES NO
Støving et al., 2010 [48] F 18 NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO <25 N/A N/A YES NO
Kasap et al., 2010 [49] M 16 NO YES YES YES YES NO NO YES NO 1.50 N/A N/A YES NO
Imtiaz 2010 [50] M 49 NO YES N/A NO NO NO NO NO YES <70 584 N/A YES NO
van Beers et al., 2011 [51] M 49 NO YES YES YES NO YES NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Celik 2012 [52] M 45 N/A YES YES N/A NO NO NO NO NO 70 N/A N/A NO NO
van Noord et al., 2012 [53] M 62 N/A YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Kormann et al., 2012 [54] F 70 N/A YES N/A YES NO NO YES NO N/A N/A N/A 10000 YES NO
Ruiz-Granados et al. [55] F 51 NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES 113 N/A N/A YES NO
Dehours et al., 2013 [56] M 35 N/A N/A N/A YES NO NO NO NO NO N/A N/A N/A NO NO
Flores-Robles et al., 2013 [57] F 47 NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO YES 40 N/A N/A YES NO
Khan et al., 2013 [58] F 69 YES YES YES N/A NO NO NO NO YES 70 N/A N/A NO NO
Panduranga et al., 2013 [59] F 38 NO YES YES YES NO NO YES YES NO N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Kronborg-white 2013 [60] M 60 NO YES YES N/A YES YES NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Horwitz et al., 2014 [61] M 65 N/A YES YES N/A YES NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Cortini E. et al., 2014 [62] F 55 NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES YES N/A N/A 63 YES NO
De Putter et al., 2014 [63] M 52 NO YES YES N/A YES NO NO NO YES 28 535 N/A YES NO
Main et al., 2015 [64] N/A 21 YES YES N/A N/A YES NO NO NO NO 38 N/A N/A NO NO
koku et al., 2015 [65] M 57 NO YES N/A YES NO NO NO NO NO 30.88 N/A N/A YES NO
Danis et al., 2015 [66] M 49 NO YES YES N/A YES NO NO NO NO N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Machalke et al., 2015 [67] M 57 NO YES N/A N/A NO NO NO NO YES 11,000 4.25 N/A YES NO
Dai et al., 2015 [68] M 66 n/a YES YES N/A NO NO NO NO YES 12.87 N/A N/A YES NO
Hataya et al., 2015 [69] M 81 NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO YES 61.8 357 N/A YES NO
Allcock et al., 2015 [70] F 45 NO N/A N/A NO NO NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Caravaca-Fontan et al., 2015 [71] M 15 N/A YES YES YES YES NO NO YES NO 43.8 236 N/A YES NO
Tassinari et al., 2015 [72] M 10 NO NO N/A N/A NO YES NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
O’Connell et al., 2016 [73] F 56 N/A YES N/A N/A NO YES NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Erkus et al., 2016 [74] M 57 N/A YES N/A YES NO NO NO NO NO 171.36 N/A N/A YES NO
Foster et al., 2017 [75] F 48 NO YES N/A NO NO NO NO NO YES <100 N/A N/A YES NO
Foster et al., 2017 [75] M 51 YES YES N/A N/A YES NO NO YES YES 83 N/A N/A YES NO
Mehrtash et al., 2017 [76] M 22 NO YES N/A YES NO NO NO NO NO N/A N/A N/A NO NO
Sayiner et al., 2017 [77] M 43 NO YES YES N/A YES YES NO NO NO N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Varma et al., 2017 [78] F 70 NO YES N/A NO NO NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A NO NO
Zhong et al., 2017 [79] M 71 NO YES N/A N/A YES NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Gallacher et al., 2017 [80] M 65 N/A YES N/A NO YES NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Jing et al., 2018 [81] F 47 N/A YES N/A N/A YES NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A NO NO
Ramchandran et al., 2018 [82] M 45 YES YES YES NO YES NO NO NO YES 43.88 441.44 N/A YES NO
Shin et al., 2019 [83] F 68 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A YES N/A N/A YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Smedegaard et al., 2019 [84] F 43 NO YES N/A YES YES YES NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Falet et al., 2019 [85] M 84 N/A YES N/A NO NO NO NO NO YES 71 N/A N/A YES NO
Attou et al., 2020 [86] M 45 NO YES NO YES YES NO NO NO YES 106 N/A N/A YES NO
Attou et al., 2020 [86] F 30 NO YES YES N/A YES YES NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Benge et al., 2020 [87] F 74 NO YES N/A NO NO YES NO YES YES 12.87 N/A N/A YES NO
Edelman et al., 2020 [88] M 54 YES NO NO YES YES YES YES NO YES 51.48 N/A N/A YES YES
Kwon et al., 2020 [89] M 79 NO YES YES YES NO NO NO NO YES 24.58 N/A N/A YES NO
Awad et al., 2020 [90] M 62 NO YES NO N/A NO NO NO NO YES 12.87 N/A N/A YES NO
Petersen et al., 2020 [91] F 77 YES YES N/A YES NO NO NO NO YES 39 N/A N/A YES NO
Jing et al., 2020 [92] M 59 YES YES NO N/A NO NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A NO NO
Patel et al., 2021 [93] M 61 NO YES N/A YES YES NO NO YES YES 38.61 606.98 N/A YES NO
McHugh J. et al., 2021 [94] F 79 NO YES YES YES YES NO YES NO YES 2600 N/A N/A YES NO
Khan et al., 2022 [58] M 56 NO YES YES N/A YES NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Shibata et al., 2022 [95] F 87 NO YES YES YES NO NO NO NO YES 92.5 N/A N/A YES NO
Bettini et al., 2022 [96] F 84 YES YES N/A YES YES YES NO NO YES 66.07 N/A N/A YES NO
Yoshida et al., 2022 [97] F 84 NO YES YES YES YES NO YES NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES YES
Blanpain 2023 [98] M 49 N/A YES N/A NO NO NO NO NO YES N/A N/A N/A YES NO
Han et al., 2023 [99] F 89 N/A YES N/A YES N/A N/A YES NO N/A 706 N/A N/A YES NO
Molina-Lopez et al., 2023 [100] M 95 YES YES N/A YES NO NO YES YES YES 12.87 N/A N/A YES NO
Ceccuzzi et al., 2023 [101] F 38 NO YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES 24.45 817.26 115 YES NO

Note. GI disorders: Abdominal tenderness, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhoea; Hypernatremia: Na Serum Concentration > 145 Mmol/L; Hypokalemia: K Serum Concentration < 3.6 Mmol/L; Metabolic Alkalosis: Serum pH > 7.45; Muscle Symptoms: Spams, Fasciculations, Myoclonus, Rhabdomyolysis, Fatigue; Neurological Symptoms: GCS < 15, Epileptiform Manifestations, Visual impairment due to retinic and occipital vasospasm, paresis, cerebral microhemorrhages, licorice induced myoclonus; MACEs: Major Cardiac Events; Hypertension: Systolic BP > 140 mmHg, Diastolic BP > 90 mmHg, cardiac arrest, heart failure and pulmonary edema, Cardiac arrhythmias and death due to QT prolongation, hypertensive encephalopathy, embolic ischemia, hypertensive retinopathy; Serum GA levels (ng/mL).