Table 3.

Main causes of hyperaldosteronism and pseudo-hyperaldosteronism [101].

HYPERALDOSTERONISM
Low Renin (Angiotensin II Independent)
High Aldosterone Primary hyperaldosteronism Aldosterone producing adenoma Unilateral/bilateral adrenal hyperplasia Adrenocortical carcinoma Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism
Low Aldosterone Pseudo-hyperaldosteronism - Acquired (hypercortisolism, liquorice toxicity, grapefruit) - Genetic (mutation of mineralocorticoids, Liddle’s syndrome, syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess, congenital adrenal hyperplasia)
High Renin (Angiotensin II dependent)
Secondary Hyperaldosteronism Normotensive (Gittleman’s syndrome, Bartter’s syndrome) Hypertensive (renal artery stenosis, aortic coartaction, reninoma, congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis with ascites)