Table 1.

The table shows the basic physiological functions of ghrelin in relation to various organs.

Organ	Ghrelin’s Physiological Effects	Sources
Hypothalamus	↑ Appetite	[18]
	↑ Food intake	[19]
	Reward behavior	[20]
	Olfaction and sniffing	[21]
	Learning and memory	[22]
	Depression	[23]
	Sleep/wake rhythm	[23]
Pituitary	↑ Growth hormone	[1,24]
	↑ ACTH	[25]
Sympathetic nervous system	Modulation of the sympathetic nervous system	[26]
Brown adipose tissues	↓ Thermogenesis	[27]
Pancreas	↓ Insulin secretion	[28]
	Modulation of insulin sensitivity	[29]
	Glucose metabolism	[30]
Heart	↑ Cardiac output	[31,32]
	↑ Vasodilatation	[33]
Liver	↑ IGF-1	[34]
Stomach	↑ Gastric emptying and ↑ acid secretion	[35,36]
Intestine	↑ Intestinal motility	[37]
Adipose tissue	↑ Lipogenesis	[38]
	Regulation of inflammation	[39]

ACTH—adrenocorticotropic hormone; IGF-1—insulin-like growth factor 1; ↑—increasing level of; ↓—decreasing level of.