Table 1.
Demographic and basic characteristics of participants by quartile of UPF consumption.
| Quartile of UPFs (g/day) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (<4.6) | Q2 (4.6–18.2) | Q3 (18.2–59.1) | Q4 (>59.1) | p-Value | |
| Gender | <0.001 | ||||
| Men | 4149 (42.9) | 4427 (45.8) | 4597 (47.6) | 5394 (55.8) | |
| Women | 5515 (57.1) | 5238 (54.2) | 5066 (52.4) | 4272 (44.2) | |
| Age | <0.001 | ||||
| 18–44 | 3786 (39.2) | 3705 (38.3) | 3891 (40.3) | 4679 (48.4) | |
| 45–59 | 3877 (40.1) | 3837 (39.7) | 3787 (39.2) | 3407 (35.3) | |
| ≥60 | 2001 (20.7) | 2123 (22.0) | 1985 (20.5) | 1580 (16.4) | |
| Education level | <0.001 | ||||
| Primary school or below | 2685 (27.8) | 2200 (22.8) | 1958 (20.3) | 1549 (16.0) | |
| Secondary school | 5319 (55.0) | 5419 (56.1) | 5300 (54.9) | 5080 (52.6) | |
| College or above | 1660 (17.2) | 2046 (21.2) | 2405 (24.9) | 3037 (31.4) | |
| Individual annual income (CNY) | <0.001 | ||||
| <10,000 | 3009 (31.1) | 2343 (24.2) | 2161 (22.4) | 2039 (21.1) | |
| 10,000–39,999 | 5196 (53.8) | 5461 (56.5) | 5284 (54.7) | 5148 (53.3) | |
| 40,000–99,999 | 791 (8.2) | 1133 (11.7) | 1386 (14.3) | 1534 (15.9) | |
| >100,000 | 213 (2.2) | 276 (2.9) | 345 (3.6) | 358 (3.7) | |
| No response | 455 (4.7) | 452 (4.7) | 487 (5.0) | 587 (6.1) | |
| Occupation | <0.001 | ||||
| Student | 123 (1.3) | 110 (1.1) | 126 (1.3) | 244 (2.5) | |
| Retired or unemployed | 3262 (33.8) | 3299 (34.1) | 2999 (31.0) | 2463 (25.5) | |
| Professionals | 1212 (12.5) | 1422 (14.7) | 1649 (17.1) | 1876 (19.4) | |
| Business service | 1436 (14.9) | 1696 (17.6) | 1890 (19.6) | 2115 (21.9) | |
| Manual labor | 2596 (26.9) | 2218 (23.0) | 2132 (22.1) | 2024 (20.9) | |
| Others | 1035 (10.7) | 920 (9.5) | 867 (9.0) | 944 (9.8) | |
| Drinking past month | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 2235 (23.1) | 2620 (27.1) | 3069 (31.8) | 3931 (40.7) | |
| No | 7429 (76.9) | 7045 (72.9) | 6594 (68.2) | 5735 (59.3) | |
| Labor intensity | <0.001 | ||||
| Light | 5316 (55.0) | 5747 (59.5) | 5980 (61.9) | 5873 (60.8) | |
| Medium | 3404 (35.2) | 3275 (33.9) | 3041 (31.5) | 3136 (32.4) | |
| Heavy | 944 (9.8) | 643 (6.7) | 642 (6.6) | 657 (6.8) | |
| Place of residence | <0.001 | ||||
| Metropolis | 2335 (24.2) | 3085 (31.9) | 3172 (32.8) | 3504 (36.3) | |
| Small and medium-sized cities | 3069 (31.8) | 3040 (31.5) | 3286 (34.0) | 3083 (31.9) | |
| Rural areas | 4260 (44.1) | 3540 (36.6) | 3205 (33.2) | 3079 (31.9) | |
| Region of residence | <0.001 | ||||
| Eastern regions | 3403 (35.2) | 4958 (51.3) | 4911 (50.8) | 4987 (51.6) | |
| Central regions | 3579 (37.0) | 2466 (25.5) | 2401 (24.9) | 2801 (29.0) | |
| Western regions | 2682 (27.8) | 2241 (23.2) | 2351 (24.3) | 1878 (19.4) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 3.3 | 23.7 ± 3.3 | 23.7 ± 3.4 | 23.6 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
| Energy (kcal/day) | 1848.2 ± 595.3 | 1807.63 ± 590.4 | 1897.6 ± 579.6 | 2150.0 ± 663.3 | <0.001 |
| Protein (g/day) | 62.1 ± 23.4 | 62.9 ± 23.9 | 66.1 ± 24.0 | 72.8 ± 26.1 | <0.001 |
| Fat (g/day) | 65.4 ± 34.9 | 67.5 ± 35.1 | 74.6 ± 36.4 | 85.1 ± 40.4 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 261.0 ± 106.1 | 244.4 ± 98.7 | 246.2 ± 93.0 | 266.4 ± 98.8 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin A (μgRE) | 377.4 ± 520.5 | 408.1 ± 557.2 | 426.9 ± 536.8 | 432.5 ± 597.7 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 62.6 ± 69.9 | 63.0 ± 74.3 | 65.3 ± 72.3 | 77.9 ± 151.5 | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 321.4 ± 180.2 | 347.4 ± 180.4 | 381.1 ± 202.5 | 427.7 ± 219.4 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mg/day) | 2943.9 ± 2108.6 | 3510.4 ± 2266.9 | 4057.1 ± 2657.8 | 4315.5 ± 2796.5 | <0.01 |
Values are given as the number of subjects, the percentage for categorical variables, and mean ± SD for continuous variables.