Table 2.
Associations of UPF consumption with overweight or obesity.
| Quartile of UPFs (g/day) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p Trend | |
| Overweight or obesity | |||||
| Median | 3.3 | 10.9 | 23.5 | 60.8 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.16 (1.10, 1.23) *** | 1.14 (1.08, 1.21) *** | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) * | 0.182 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.14 (1.08, 1.21) *** | 1.13 (1.06, 1.20) *** | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) * | 0.690 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.14 (1.07, 1.20) *** | 1.10 (1.04, 1.17) ** | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 0.241 |
| Overweight | |||||
| Median | 3.3 | 11.6 | 26.5 | 67.0 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.18 (1.10, 1.25) *** | 1.13 (1.06, 1.21) *** | 1.08 (1.01, 1.15) * | 0.929 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.15 (1.08, 1.22) *** | 1.11 (1.04, 1.19) *** | 1.07 (1.01, 1.15) * | 0.836 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.15 (1.08, 1.22) *** | 1.10 (1.03, 1.17) *** | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | 0.236 |
| Obesity | |||||
| Median | 3.4 | 11.4 | 25.0 | 63.5 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.11 (1.01, 1.23) * | 1.19 (1.08, 1.32) *** | 1.07 (0.97, 1.19) | 0.739 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.10 (1.00, 1.22) | 1.19 (1.08, 1.32) *** | 1.09 (0.98, 1.20) | 0.499 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.09 (0.99, 1.21) | 1.15 (1.04, 1.27) ** | 1.02 (0.92, 1.14) | 0.556 |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Model 1 adjusted gender, age, education level, individual annual income, and occupation; Model 2 further adjusted drinking past month, labor intensity, and place and region of residence based on Model 1; Model 3 further adjusted total energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and sodium intake based on Model 2.