Table 4.
Occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in corn samples from different studies.
| Country | Sampling Year | Analytical Method | LOD/LOQ (μg kg−1) |
Mycotoxin | No. of Samples | Positive Sample Rate (%) | Mean (μg kg−1) |
Median (μg kg−1) | Max (μg kg−1) |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | 2014–2015 | LC–MS/MS | 0.6/2.0 | AFB1 | 45 | 58 | 417 a | 22.2 a | 3550 | This study |
| aFs | 45 | 71 | 469 a | 8.5 a | 263 | |||||
| OTA | 45 | 7.0 | 336 a | 333 a | 488 | |||||
| Serbia | 2012 | LC–MS/MS | 0.33/1.0 | AFB1 | 40 | 60 | - | - | 70.3 | [33] |
| ELISA | 1.40/5.0 | |||||||||
| Serbia | 2015 | HPLC–FLD | 0.4/1.3 | AFB1 | 180 | 57.2 | 11.4 ± 14.5 | - | 88.8 | [56] |
| - | aFs | 180 | 57.2 | 12.7 ± 17.3 | - | 91.4 | ||||
| Serbia | 2012 | LC–MS/MS | 0.25/- | AFB1 | 51 | 94 | 44 ± 49 | 26 | 205 | [35] |
| 2013 | 51 | 33 | 8 ± 11 | 5 | 48 | |||||
| 2014 | 51 | 0 | - | - | - | |||||
| 2015 | 51 | 90 | 8 ± 9 | 4 | 41 | |||||
| 2012 | 0.4/- | OTA | 51 | 25 | 53 ± 108 | 6 | 318 | |||
| 2013 | 51 | 2 | - | - | - | |||||
| 2014 | 51 | 0 | - | - | - | |||||
| 2015 | 51 | 18 | 6 ± 8 | 5 | 27 | |||||
| Croatia | 2013 | ELISA | 1.0/1.7 | AFB1 | 972 | 31.4 | 38.46 | - | 2072 | [47] |
| Croatia | 2016 | LC–MS/MS | 0.3/1.0 | AFB1 | 61 | 0 | - | - | - | [39] |
| 2017 | 23 | 8.7 | 5.5 | - | 9.7 | |||||
| 2016 | 0.3/1.0 | OTA | 61 | 0 | - | - | - | |||
| 2017 | 23 | 0 | - | - | - | |||||
| Slovenia | 2007–2008 | HPLC–FLD | 0.2/0.6 | AFB1 | 58 | 0 | - | - | - | [43] |
| 10/30 | OTA | 58 | 1.7 | 30 | 30 | 30 | ||||
| Slovenia | 2008–2012 | LC–MS/MS | -/0.2 | AFB1 | 69 b | 0 | - | - | - | [45] |
| -/0.8 | aFs | 69 b | 0 | - | - | - | ||||
| -/1 | OTA | 69 b | 0 | - | - | - | ||||
| Romania | 2012–2015 | ELISA | - | aFs | 97 c | 45.4 | 3.85 ± 14.80 | <1.75 | 82.94 | [38] |
| - | OTA | 97 c | 6.8 | 2.70 ± 0.43 | <2.50 | 6.72 | ||||
| EU | 2000–2006 | - | 0.1–0.2/- | AFB1 | 943 | 14 | 0.26 | 0.12 | 8 | [4] |
| 0.2–0.4/- | aFs | 943 | 14 | 0.41 | 0.24 | 9 | ||||
| - | 0.01–0.5/- | OTA | 5180 c | 54 | 0.29 | - | 33.3 | |||
| Egypt | 2014–2015 | LC–MS/MS | 0.72/2.4 | AFB1 | 79 | 16 | - | 4.81 | 197.5 | [52] |
| 2.8/9.4 | OTA | 79 | 3 | - | <LOQ | 11 | ||||
| Middle East and | 2009 | HPLC–FLD | 0.3/0.8 | aFs | 63 | 35 | 28 | 32 a | 343 | [49] |
| African countries | 0.2/30.5 | OTA | 1 | 0 | - | - | - | |||
| Shandong, China | 2014–2015 | UPLC–Q-TOF-MS | 0.05/0.1 | AFB1 | 520 | 18.08 | 7.62 | - | 573.13 | [53] |
| Shandong, China | 2016 | LC–MS/MS | 0.01/0.03 | AFB1 | 90 b | 32.2 | 0.22 | - | 8.04 | [54] |
| OTA | 90 b | 0 | - | - | - | |||||
| Global | 2008–2017 | HPLC | 0.2–2.7/- | AFB1 | 15,889 | 24 | - | 4 | 6105 | [48] |
| LC–MS/MS | 0.2–5/- | |||||||||
| ELISA | 1–3/- | |||||||||
| HPLC | 0.06–2/- | OTA | 6388 | 5 | - | 3 a | 889 | |||
| LC–MS/MS | 0.2–100/- | |||||||||
| ELISA | 0.2–2/- | |||||||||
| Global | - | - | aFs | 55 c | 1642 | [60] | ||||
| - | - | OTA | 29 c | 1164 |
a Only positive samples. b Corn and corn-based processed foods. c Cereals, processed cereals, and cereal-based food.