Table 1.
Characteristics of SCAPIS participants stratified by sex and glycemic status
| Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Normoglycaemia | Pre-diabetes | Diabetes | Total | Normoglycemia | Pre-diabetes | Diabetes | |
| Sample size -n (%) | 14624 | 10634 (72.7) | 2571 (17.6) | 1419 (9.7) | 15496 | 12400 (80.0) | 2233 (14.4) | 863 (5.6) |
| Sociodemographics | ||||||||
| Age—mean (SD) | 57.5 (4.4) | 57.1 (4.3) | 58.2 (4.3) | 59.1 (4.2) | 57.5 (4.3) | 57.3 (4.3) | 58.2 (4.3) | 58.8 (4.0) |
| Education, highest level | ||||||||
| < Compulsory school (%) | 100 (0.7) | 59 (0.6) | 23 (0.9) | 19 (1.4) | 95 (0.6) | 58 (0.5) | 26 (1.2) | 11 (1.3) |
| Compulsory school (%) | 1382 (9.9) | 1734 (7.7) | 497 (10.7) | 318 (14.7) | 1137 (7.6) | 822 (6.8) | 217 (10.0) | 111 (13.4) |
| Upper Secondary Highschool (%) | 6798 (48.6) | 9971 (44.4) | 2268 (48.8) | 1083 (50.0) | 6350 (42.5) | 5075 (41.9) | 954 (44.0) | 404 (48.9) |
| University (%) | 5712 (40.8) | 10638 (47.7) | 1834 (39.5) | 733 (33.9) | 7344 (49.2) | 6170 (50.9) | 973 (44.8) | 300 (36.3) |
| History of cardiovascular disease | ||||||||
| Previous MI, CABG or PCI n (%) | 541 (3.7) | 254 (2.4) | 154 (6.0) | 129 (9.1) | 152 (1.0) | 74 (0.6) | 37 (1.7) | 41 (1.7) |
| Family history of cardiovascular diseases | ||||||||
| MI, subjects’ parent or sibling n (%) | 3589 (26.2) | 2561 (25.6) | 629 (26.2) | 399 (31.7) | 4606 (31.5) | 3618 (30.7) | 702 (33.8) | 286 (37.0) |
| Stroke subjects’ parent or sibling n (%) | 3462 (25.5) | 2467 (24.9) | 654 (27.4) | 332 (26.8) | 4300 (29.6) | 3428 (29.4) | 612 (29.8) | 260 (33.2) |
| Medication | ||||||||
| Antihypertensive agents n (%) | 3030 (21.6) | 1687 (16.5) | 681 (27.7) | 662 (49.6) | 2733 (18.2) | 1829 (15.2) | 546 (25.4) | 358 (43.6) |
| Lipid lowering agents n (%) | 1386 (9.9) | 640 (6.3) | 317 (12.9) | 429 (32.2) | 911 (6.1) | 480 (4.0) | 182 (8.5) | 249 (30.3) |
| Glucose lowering agents (oral only) n (%) | – | – | – | 696 (52.3) | – | – | – | 378 (46.4) |
| Insulin only or insulin + oral treatment | 242 (30.4) | 121 (25.8) | ||||||
| Anthropometry | ||||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 median (Q1–Q3) | 26.9 (24.8–29.6) | 26.4 (24.4–28.9) | 27.9 (25.6–30.6) | 29.3 (26.8–32.7) | 25.7 (23.1–29.1) | 25.1 (22.8–28.2) | 27.7 (24.6–31.6) | 30.0 (26.4–34.1) |
| Waist Circumference, cm median (Q1–Q3) | 99.0 (92.0–106.0) | 97.0 (91.0–104.0) | 102.0 (96.0–110.0) | 106.0 (99.0–115.0) | 88.0 (80.0–97.0) | 86.0 (79.0–95.0) | 94.0 (85.0–103.0) | 100.0 (91.0–110.0) |
| Life style | ||||||||
| Current smoking status | ||||||||
| Current | 1191 (11.6) | 1191 (11.6) | 385 (15.6) | 220 (16.5) | 1432 (11.9) | 1432 (11.9) | 353 (16.4) | 145 (17.7) |
| Ex-smoker (regardless of cessation time) | 3302 (32.2) | 3302 (32.2) | 910 (37.0) | 540 (40.4) | 4623 (38.5) | 4623 (38.5) | 875 (40.7) | 338 (41.2) |
| Never | 5764 (56.2) | 5764 (56.2) | 1167 (47.4) | 575 (43.1) | 5956 (49.6) | 5956 (49.6) | 921 (42.9) | 337 (41.1) |
| Pack-years—median (Q1–Q3) | 13.0 (5.5–25.0) | 12.0 (5.0–23.3) | 15.0 (6.8–27.8) | 18.0 (9.3–30.6) | 12.0 (5.0–21.5) | 11.1 (4.5–20.5) | 13.8 (6.0–24.8) | 18.5 (9.9–29.3) |
| Physical activity (min/day) | ||||||||
| Sedentary median (Q1–Q3) | 180 (120–255) | 182 (121–253) | 187 (127–263) | 203 (137–287) | 151 (102–217) | 151 (103–215) | 154 (103–225) | 174 (113–249) |
| Low-intensity median (Q1–Q3) | 330 (272–393) | 328 (273–389) | 329 (272–394) | 309 (254–373) | 363 (307–422) | 362 (308–423) | 370 (309–431) | 348 (286–414) |
| Moderate- and vigorous median (Q1–Q3) | 49.0 (32.0–71.0) | 54.0 (37.0–75.0) | 52.0 (35.0–73.0) | 43.0 (28.0–65.0) | 48.0 (32.0–67.0) | 51.0 (36.0–70.0) | 47.0 (32.0–67.0) | 41.0 (26.0–59.0) |
| Laboratory measurements | ||||||||
| Fasting glucose, mmol/l—mean (SD) | 5.7 (1.3) | 5.3 (0.5) | 6.3 (0.4) | 8.3 (2.5) | 5.5 (1.0) | 5.2 (0.5) | 6.2 (0.5) | 7.9 (2.4) |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol—mean (SD) | 36.9 (7.2) | 34.8 (3.1) | 37.7 (4.0) | 51.0 (14.5) | 36.3 (5.7) | 35.0 (3.0) | 38.3 (4.1) | 49.3 (14.1) |
| HbA1c, % | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 6.8 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 6.6 |
| High sensitivity CRP, mg/L—mean (SD) | 2.1 (4.6) | 1.9 (3.8) | 2.4 (4.5) | 3.1 (8.6) | 2.2 (4.1) | 1.9 (3.7) | 3.0 (5.3) | 3.5 (4.8) |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L—mean (SD) | 5.32 (1.06) | 5.45 (1.00) | 5.13 (1.06) | 4.65 (1.11) | 5.64 (1.02) | 5.70 (1.00) | 5.52 (1.01) | 5.08 (1.15) |
| HDL, mmol/L—mean (SD) | 1.41 (0.40) | 1.45 (0.39) | 1.37 (0.38) | 1.24 (0.37) | 1.83 (0.50) | 1.88 (0.49) | 1.71 (0.45) | 1.54 (0.50) |
| LDL, mmol/L—mean (SD) | 3.43 (0.97) | 3.56 (0.93) | 3.27 (0.96) | 2.84 (1.01) | 3.45 (0.96) | 3.49 (0.95) | 3.39 (0.94) | 3.02 (1.07) |
| Remnant, mmol/L—mean (SD) | 0.47 (0.41) | 0.46 (0.40) | 0.49 (0.44) | 0.57 (0.41) | 0.36 (0.34) | 0.33 (0.33) | 0.43 (0.33) | 0.50 (0.38 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L—mean (SD) | 1.4 (1.0) | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.4 (1.2) | 1.8 (1.4) | 1.1 (0.6) | 1.1 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.7) | 1.6 (1.1) |
| eGFR ml/min/1,73 m2 mean (SD) | 85.3 (11.8) | 84.7 (11.5) | 85.9 (12.2) | 88.3 (13.1) | 84.4 (12.4) | 84.1 (12.2) | 85.2 (12.4) | 87.1 (13.9) |
| eGFR, ml/min/1,73 m2 < 60 n (%) | 299 (2.0) | 190 (1.8) | 58 (2.3) | 51 (3.6) | 409 (2.6) | 325 (2.6) | 54 (2.4) | 30 (3.5) |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||||
| Diabetes duration, years- mean (SD) | – | – | – | 9.3 (9.1) | – | – | – | 10.9 (11.7) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg—mean (SD) | 128.8 (15.6) | 127.5 (15.4) | 131.4 (15.5) | 133.8 (16.1) | 123.2 (17.8) | 122.2 (17.7) | 126.5 (17.7) | 129.0 (16.8) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg—mean (SD) | 78.5 (10.1) | 78.0 (10.2) | 79.8 (9.9) | 80.2 (9.9) | 76.6 (10.8) | 76.2 (10.8) | 78.3 (10.7) | 78.8 (9.9) |
| Ankle-brachial index—median (IQR) | 1.23 (1.17, 1.29) | 1.23 (1.17, 1.29) | 1.22 (1.16, 1.28) | 1.21 (1.15, 1.27) | 1.19 (1.10, 1.24) | 1.19 (1.13, 1.26) | 1.18 (1.11, 1.24) | 1.17 (1.10, 1.24) |
| Ankle-brachial index < 0.9 n (%) | 49 (0.4) | 31 (0.2) | 19 (0.4) | 27 (1.4) | 28 (0.2) | 12 (0.1) | 9 (0.5) | 7 (0.9) |
| CACS ≥ 100 | 2657 (19.1) | 1647 (16.1) | 552 (21.1) | 458 (35.3) | 908 (6.1) | 590 (4.9) | 190 (8.9) | 128 (15.9) |
| Any carotid plaque (≥ 1 vessel) | 8928 (61.6) | 6342 (60.0) | 1590 (62.6) | 996 (71.2) | 7536 (49.1) | 5888 (47.9) | 1153 (52.2) | 495 (58.6) |