Table 5.
Gram-negative bacterial resistance mechanisms against AMP.
| Mechanism | Gram-Negative Bacteria | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Degradation or sequestration by secreted proteins | Proteolytic degradation | [314,315,316] |
| Impedance by exopolymers or biofilm matrix molecules | Alginate, polysialic acid | [304,317,318] |
| Cytoplasmic outer membrane alteration | Increased IM rigidity by PG acylation | [319] |
| Surface modification | Repulsion by lipid A phosphate modification increased OM rigidity by lipid A acylation. O-antigen of LPS |
[320,321] |
| Multidrug efflux pump | Export via efflux pumps (RND family) | [322,323] |