Table 1.
Potential gut microbiota enriched in responders
| Cancers | Pre-treatment | Immunotherapy | Response criteria | Sequencing methods | Level | Bacteria | Sample size | Countries/territories | Year | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HCC | – | Nivolumab or pembrolizumab | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Family | Lachnospiraceae | 74 | Taiwan | 2022 | [37] |
| HCC | None | Tremelimumab and/or Durvalumab | mRECIST | 16 s rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Akkermansia | 11 | Italy | 2022 | [56] |
| HCC | – | Nivolumab or pembrolizumab | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Lachnoclostridium and Veillonella | 74 | Taiwan | 2022 | [37] |
| HCC | – | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V4 region) | Genus | Faecalibacterium | 65 | China | 2020 | [57] |
| HCC | – | Nivolumab | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Akkermansia | 8 | South Korea | 2021 | [53] |
| HCC | None | PD-1 inhibitors | mRECIST | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Faecalibacterium, Blautia, Megamonas, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Dorea, and Haemophilus | 35 | China | 2022 | [54] |
| HCC | Sorafenib | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomics | Species | Akkermansia muciniphila and Ruminococcaceae spp. | 8 | China | 2019 | [47] |
| HCC | – | Nivolumab | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Species | Citrobacter freundii, Azospirillum sp. and Enterococcus durans | 8 | South Korea | 2021 | [53] |
| HCC | None | PD-1 inhibitors | mRECIST | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | No rank | Lachnospiraceae incertae Sedis | 35 | China | 2022 | [54] |
| Hepatobiliary cancers | Chemotherapy (gemcitabine plus cisplatin) | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST.1.1 | Metagenomics | Species | Lachnospiraceae bacterium-GAM79 and Alistipes sp. Marseille-P5997 | 65 | China | 2021 | [46] |
| Hepatobiliary cancers | Chemotherapy (gemcitabine plus cisplatin) | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST.1.1 | Metagenomics | Species | Ruminococcus calidus and Erysipelotichaceae bacterium-GAM147 | 65 | China | 2021 | [46] |
| NSCLC | Platinum-based doublets chemotherapy | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomics | Class | Clostridia, Bacteroidia | 85 | China | 2022 | [58] |
| NSCLC | Platinum-based chemotherapy | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Order | Actinomycetales | 75 | China | 2021 | [41] |
| NSCLC | Platinum-based chemotherapy | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Family | Odoribacteraceae and Rikenellaceae | 75 | China | 2021 | [41] |
| NSCLC | – | PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors | – | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Family | Akkermansiaceae | 47 | Poland | 2022 | [59] |
| NSCLC | – | PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Ruminococcaceae UCG 13 and Agathobacter | 70 | Japan | 2020 | [60] |
| NSCLC | – | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomic | Genus | Parabacteroides and Methanobrevibacter | 63 | China | 2020 | [51] |
| NSCLC | Platinum-based chemotherapy | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Desulfovibrio, Bifidobacterium, Anaerostipes, Faecalibacterium, and Alistipes | 75 | China | 2021 | [41] |
| NSCLC | Did not receive previous targeted therapy | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Phascolarctobacterium | 69 | Spain | 2021 | [61] |
| NSCLC | – | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V1–V3 region) | Genus | Ruminococcus, Akkermansia, and Faecalibacterium | 65 | USA | 2022 | [62] |
| NSCLC | – | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V1–V2 region) | Genus | Lactobacillus, Clostridium, and Syntrophococcus | 17 | Japan | 2019 | [63] |
| NSCLC | At least one prior line of treatment | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomics | Species | Ruminococcus spp., Alistipes spp., and Eubacterium spp. | 60 | France | 2018 | [3] |
| NSCLC | – | Nivolumab | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Species | Alistipes putredinis, Bifidobacterium longum, and Prevotella copri | 37 | China | 2019 | [48] |
| NSCLC | Platinum-based doublets chemotherapy | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomics | Species | Bacteroides massiliensis (igc0097), Alistipes obesi (igc0342), Alistipes obesi, Akkermansia muciniphila | 85 | China | 2022 | [58] |
| NSCLC (n = 60 + 27) and RCC (n = 40 + 26) | At least one prior line of treatment | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomics | Species | Akkermansia muciniphila | 100 + 53 | France | 2018 | [3] |
| Lung cancer | – | Monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy | – | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Order | Clostridiales | 34 | USA | 2021 | [64] |
| Melanoma | – | Ipilimumab | – | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Phylum | Firmicutes | 26 | France | 2017 | [25] |
| Melanoma | – | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA | Order | Clostridiales | 43 | USA | 2018 | [29] |
| Melanoma | – | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA | Family | Ruminococcaceae | 43 | USA | 2018 | [29] |
| Melanoma | – | Ipilimumab | – | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Faecalibacterium | 26 | France | 2017 | [25] |
| Melanoma | – | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA and metagenomics | Genus | Faecalibacterium | 43 | USA | 2018 | [29] |
| Melanoma | – | ICIs | – | 16S rDNA and metagenomics | Species | Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Coprococcus eutactus, Prevotella stercorea, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus anginosus, and Lachnospiraceae bacterium 3 1 46FAA | 27 | USA | 2019 | [50] |
| Melanoma | – | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V4 region) and metagenomics | Species | Bacteroides stercoris, Parabacteroides distasonis and Fournierella massiliensis | 54 and 38 | USA | 2021 | [31] |
| Melanoma | None (72%) | Ipilimumab | – | 16S rDNA | Species | Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Bacteroides fragilis | 25 | France; USA | 2015 | [33] |
| Melanoma | – | PD-1/CTLA-4 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V4 region) and metagenomics | Species | Bifidobacterium longum, Collinsella aerofaciens, Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula, Parabacteroides merdae, and Lactobacillus sp. | 42 | USA | 2018 | [65] |
| Melanoma | – | Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Ipilimumab plus Nivolumab, or pembrolizumab | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomics | Species | Bacteroides caccae | 39 | USA | 2017 | [39] |
| Melanoma | – | Ipilimumab plus Nivolumab | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomics | Species | Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides thetaiotamicron, and Holdemania filiformis | 24 | USA | 2017 | [39] |
| Melanoma | – | Pembrolizumab | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomics | Species | Dorea formicogenerans | 13 | USA | 2017 | [39] |
| GI cancer | – | PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Family | Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae | 74 | China | 2020 | [27] |
| GI cancer | – | PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Prevotella | 74 | China | 2020 | [27] |
| GI cancer | – | PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Ratio (genus) | Elevation of the Prevotella/Bacteroides ratio | 74 | China | 2020 | [27] |
| B cell malignancies | – | Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy | – | 16S rDNA (V4–V5 region) | Class | Clostridia | 48 | USA | 2022 | [66] |
| B cell malignancies | – | Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy | – | 16S rDNA (V4–V5 region) | Family | Ruminococcaceae | 48 | USA | 2022 | [66] |
| B cell malignancies | – | Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy | – | 16S rDNA (V4–V5 region) | Genus | Ruminococcus and Faecalibacterium; Bacteroides | 48 | USA | 2022 | [66] |
| B cell malignancies | – | Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy | – | 16S rDNA (V4–V5 region) | Species | Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Ruminococcus bromii | 48 | USA | 2022 | [66] |
| ESCC | Neoadjuvant camrelizumab and chemotherapy | Camrelizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel before surgery | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Family | Barnesiellaceae, Dethiosulfovibrionaceae, Odoribacteraceae, | 44 | China | 2022 | [67] |
| ESCC | Neoadjuvant camrelizumab and chemotherapy | Camrelizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel before surgery | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Pyramidobacter, Butyricimonas, Prevotella, Barnesiella, and Odoribacter | 44 | China | 2022 | [67] |
| Thoracic carcinoma | – | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V4 region) | Family | Akkermansiaceae, Enterococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Carnobacteriaceae and Clostridiales Family XI | 42 | China | 2021 | [68] |
| Renal and lung cancer patients | – | PD-1 inhibitors | – | – | Virus | Enterococcal prophage | – | – | 2020 | [32] |
| RCC | TKI (68%) | Nivolumab | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomics | Species | Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides salyersiae, and Eubacterium siraeum, Clostridium ramosum (ns), Alistipes senegalensis (ns) | 58 | France | 2020 | [55] |
HCC hepatocellular carcinoma, NSCLC non-small-cell lung cancer, GI gastrointestinal, ESCC esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, RCC renal cell carcinoma, ICIs immune checkpoint inhibitors, RECIST Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, PD-1 programmed death 1, PD-L1 programmed death ligand 1