Table 2.
Potential gut microbiota enriched in non-responders
| Cancers | Pre-treatment | Immunotherapy | Response criteria | Sequencing methods | Level | Bacteria | Sample size | Countries/territories | Year | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HCC | – | Nivolumab or pembrolizumab | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Prevotella 9 | 74 | Taiwan | 2022 | [37] |
| HCC | – | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V4 region) | Genus | Bacteroidales | 65 | China | 2020 | [57] |
| HCC | None | PD-1 inhibitors | mRECIST | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Atopobium, Leptotrichia, Campylobacter, Allisonella, Methanobrevibacter, Parabacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus | 35 | China | 2022 | [54] |
| HCC | – | Nivolumab | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Species | Dialister pneumosintes, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus reteri, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus gordonii, Veillonella atypica, Granulicatella sp., and Trchuris trichiura | 8 | South Korea | 2021 | [53] |
| HCC | – | Nivolumab | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Ratio (genus) | Low Prevotella/Bacteroides ratio | 8 | South Korea | 2021 | [53] |
| HCC | – | Nivolumab | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Ratio (phylum) | Skewed Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio | 8 | South Korea | 2021 | [53] |
| Hepatobiliary cancers | Chemotherapy (gemcitabine plus cisplatin) | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST.1.1 | Metagenomics | Family | Veillonellaceae | 65 | China | 2021 | [46] |
| NSCLC | Platinum-based chemotherapy | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Phylum | Fusobacteria | 75 | China | 2021 | [41] |
| NSCLC | – | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomic | Class | Negativicutes | 63 | China | 2020 | [51] |
| NSCLC | Platinum-based chemotherapy | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Class | Fusobacteriia | 75 | China | 2021 | [41] |
| NSCLC | – | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomic | Order | Selenomonadales | 63 | China | 2020 | [51] |
| NSCLC | Platinum-based chemotherapy | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Order | Fusobacterales | 75 | China | 2021 | [41] |
| NSCLC | Platinum-based chemotherapy | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Family | Fusobacteriaceae | 75 | China | 2021 | [41] |
| NSCLC | – | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomic | Genus | Veillonella | 63 | China | 2020 | [51] |
| NSCLC | Platinum-based chemotherapy | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Fusobacterium | 75 | China | 2021 | [41] |
| NSCLC | Did not receive previous targeted therapy | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Dialister | 69 | Spain | 2021 | [61] |
| NSCLC | – | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V1–V2 region) | Genus | Bilophila, Sutterella, and Parabacteroides | 17 | Japan | 2019 | [63] |
| NSCLC | At least one prior line of treatment | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomics | Species | Bifidobacterium adolescentis, B. longum, and Parabacteroides distasonis | 60 | France | 2018 | [3] |
| NSCLC | – | Nivolumab | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Species | Ruminococcus_unclassified | 37 | China | 2019 | [48] |
| NSCLC | Platinum-based doublets chemotherapy | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomics | Species | Bacteroides fragilis (igc0079) | 85 | China | 2022 | [58] |
| Melanoma | – | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA | Order | Bacteroidales | 43 | USA | 2018 | [29] |
| Melanoma | – | Ipilimumab | – | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Bacteroides | 26 | France | 2017 | [25] |
| Melanoma | – | ICIs | – | 16S rDNA and metagenomics | Species | Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides dorei, Bacteroides massiliensis, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Blautia producta | 27 | USA | 2019 | [50] |
| Melanoma | – | ICIs | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V4 region) and metagenomics | Species | Klebsiella aerogenes and Lactobacillus rogosae | 54 and 38 | USA | 2021 | [31] |
| Melanoma | – | PD-1 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomics | Species | Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Escherichia coli, and Anaerotruncus colihominis | 43 | USA | 2018 | [29] |
| Melanoma | – | PD-1/CTLA-4 inhibitors | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V4 region) and metagenomics | Species | Ruminococcus obeum and Roseburia intestinalis | 42 | USA | 2018 | [65] |
| Colorectal cancer | Chemotherapy | Regorafenib plus toripalimab | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Fusobacterium | 32 | China | 2021 | [26] |
| ESCC | Neoadjuvant camrelizumab and chemotherapy | Camrelizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel before surgery | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Phylum | Proteobacteria, Thermi | 44 | China | 2022 | [67] |
| ESCC | Neoadjuvant camrelizumab and chemotherapy | Camrelizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel before surgery | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Class | Deinococci | 44 | China | 2022 | [67] |
| ESCC | Neoadjuvant camrelizumab and chemotherapy | Camrelizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel before surgery | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Order | Aeromonadales, Pseudomonadales | 44 | China | 2022 | [67] |
| ESCC | Neoadjuvant camrelizumab and chemotherapy | Camrelizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel before surgery | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Order | Pseudomonadales | 44 | China | 2022 | [67] |
| ESCC | Neoadjuvant camrelizumab and chemotherapy | Camrelizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel before surgery | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Family | Moraxellaceae, Rhodocyclales | 44 | China | 2022 | [67] |
| ESCC | Neoadjuvant camrelizumab and chemotherapy | Camrelizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel before surgery | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Family | mitochondria | 44 | China | 2022 | [67] |
| ESCC | Neoadjuvant camrelizumab and chemotherapy | Camrelizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel before surgery | RECIST 1.1 | 16S rDNA (V3–V4 region) | Genus | Dialister, Rhodocyclaceae, and Acinetobacter | 44 | China | 2022 | [67] |
| RCC | TKI (68%) | Nivolumab | RECIST 1.1 | Metagenomics | Species | Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium_2_2_44A, Clostridium hathewayi, and Clostridium clostridioforme | 58 | France | 2020 | [55] |
HCC hepatocellular carcinoma, NSCLC non-small-cell lung cancer, GI gastrointestinal, ESCC esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, RCC renal cell carcinoma, ICIs immune checkpoint inhibitors, RECIST Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, PD-1 programmed death 1, PD-L1 programmed death ligand 1