Representative absorption (blue line), scattering (red line), and combined absorption and scattering (green line) spectra of human Caucasian skin in the wavelength range of 280 to 2800 nm. The spectra in the optical ranges of 280–800 and 800–2800 nm are adopted under CC BY 4.0 license from Refs. [70,71], respectively. The optical transparent (therapeutic) windows of the skin (I–IV) are highlighted in pink; the non-transparent blue–red spectral range is highlighted in turquoise. The excitation wavelengths used in the optical methods (FCLSM, RCLSM, 2PT, 3PT, CARS, CRM, SERS, SRS, and OCT) are in the corresponding spectral range.