Table 1.
Cases of reported Coxiella burnetii vascular graft infections.
| Cases | Sex/Age | C. burnetii Infection Documentation (Serology, PCR, Culture…) | Vascular Infection Localization (Imaging Tool) | Treatment (Antibiotherapy and Surgery) | Outcome (at Time of Publication) | Country/Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aortic vascular prosthesis infection | ||||||
| 1 | Man/78 years old | -Serology (IF 1) Phase I: IgG: 1:25,600, IgM: 1:400, Phase II IgG: 1:25,600, IgM: 1:400. -Positive PCR on serum |
Abdominal under-renal aortic graft (TDM, PET-scan) |
-DH 2 for 18 months -Surgery after 3 months |
Recovery (three years follow-up) | France [6] |
| 2 | Man/63 years old | -Positive 16S rRNA PCR + sequencing on fragment of the para-iliac mass -Serology (IF) IgGI: 1:1,600, IgGII: 1:3,200 |
Dacron aorto-bifemoral graft (CT-scan) |
-partial removal of the prosthetic graft -DH |
after 18 months: -Asymptomatic -IgG I:1600 and IgGII: 3200 |
Switzerland [7] |
| 3 | Man/66 years old | -Complement Fixation Assay: CFT phase I antibody Titer: 1:1,280; CFT phase II antibody titer: 1:1,280 |
Aorto-bifemoral bypass (MRI, CT-scan) |
-oral doxycycline (200 mg/d) and ciprofloxacin (1000 mg/d) -graft excision |
Recovery (21 months follow-up) | United Kingdom [8] |
| 4 | Man/70 years old | -Serology (IF) IgGI: 1:25,600; IgAI: 1:3200; IgGII: 1:51,200; IgAII: 1:6,400 -Positive real-time PCR (IS30a sequence) on a fragment of the aortic mass and the puncture liquid |
Aortobiiliac endoprosthesis (CT-scan, PET-scan) |
-DH -surgery three months later |
Recovery (six months follow-up) | France [9] |
| 5 | Man/67 years old | -Serology (IF) IgGI: 1:800, IgMI: 0, IgAI: 1:800, IgGII: 1:1,600, IgMII: 0, IgAII: 1:800 -Positive aortic graft culture |
Pseudoaneurysm of an aortic graft (CT-scan, MRI) |
Doxycycline 200 mg/day and ofloxacine 600 mg/day Surgical excision of the aortic graft three weeks later |
Recovery (three years follow-up) | France [10] |
| 6 | Man/46 years old | -Serology: IgGI: 1:51,200, IgMI: 1:25, IgAI: 1:200, IgGII: 1:102,400, IgMII: 1:50, IgAII: 1:400 -Positive specific PCR in sternal effusion |
Aortic vascular graft (Bentall) (CT-scan, PET-scan) |
DH | Recovery (21 months follow-up) | France [11] |
| 7 | Man/58 years old | Serology IgGI: 1:10,000 |
Abdominal aortic prosthetic graft (FDG-PET-scan) |
Antibiotics (not detailed) Surgical graft removal |
Recovery (9 months follow-up) | The Netherlands [12] |
| 8 | Man/67 years old | -Serology IgGI: 1:2,048, IgGII: 1:1,024, IgM: 0 -Positive PCR on vascular tissue (post mortem) |
Perirenal abdominal aortic graft (CT angiogram, MRI) |
DH Surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm and bilateral renal artery reconstruction |
Died from acute pulmonary embolism 22 months since admission | Canada [13] |
| 9 | Woman/69 years old | -Positive panbacterial PCR on interlaminar L3-L4 biopsy and purulent fluid. -Serology: IgGI: 1:4,096, IgMI > 1:2,048 IgGII: 1:16,348, IgMII: 1:1,024 |
Aortic endoprosthesis (CT-scan, MRI, PET-scan) |
DH Aortic endoprosthesis removal |
Recovery (5 months follow-up) | Belgium [14] |
| 10 | Man/62 years old | -Positive specific PCR on blood, thrombus and tissue culture -Serology IgGI: 1:2,048, IgGII: 1:4,096 |
Infrarenal aortic bifurcated endograft (CT-scan) |
Doxycycline 200 mg/day and cirprofloxacin 1500 mg/day abdominal wall of aneurysmal sac (including abscesses) removal endograft left in place |
Recovery (six months follow-up) | The Netherlands [15] |
| 11 | Woman/55 years old | -Serology IgGI: 1:4,096, IgII: 1:4,096 -Positive specific PCR on blood, fluid material and prosthesis |
Supracoronary tube graft repair of the ascending thoracic aorta (CT-scan, FDG PET-scan) |
DH One year later (non-responsiveness to conservative treatment), aortic graft removal + Moxifloxacin |
Recovery (six months follow-up) | The Netherlands [16] |
| 12 | Man/71 years old | -Serology IgGI: 1:8,192, IgGII: 1:8,192 -Positive specific real-time PCR on graft material |
Aorto-bi-iliac graft (PET-scan) |
DH Graft replacement and cure of the false aneurysm |
Not mentioned | Switzerland [17] |
| Non-aortic vascular prosthesis infection | ||||||
| 13 | Man/61 years old | -Serology Phase I: IgG: 1:6,400, IgM: 1:50, IgA: 0 Phase II: IgG: 1:6,400, IgM: 0, IgAII: 0 -Positive 16S rRNA PCR+ sequencing and positive specific PCR (real-time PCR of the regions IS1111 and IS630) on periprosthetic biopsies and vascular arteriovenous grafts |
Left humeral-axillary arteriovenous graft (CT-scan with tagged white blood cells of the left arm) |
-DH -Surgery: partial removal of the infected prosthetic AV grafts |
Recovery (undergoing treatment) | Spain [18] |
| 14 | Woman/50 years old | -Serology (IF) IgGI: 1:3,200, IgAI: 1:1,400, IgMI: 0 IgGII: 1:1,600, IgAII: 1:1,400, IgMII: 0 -Positive 16S rRNA PCR in the prosthetic valvular material -Positive specific PCR of the regions IS1111 and IS30a in the blood and vascular graft |
Hemodialysis vascular graft (PET-scan) |
Complete surgical removal of the infected vascular graft DH |
Recovery (three months follow-up) | France [19] |
| 15 | Man/81 years old | -Serology (IF) IgGI: 1:800, IgMI: 0, IgAI: 1:100 IgGII: 1:200, IgMII: 0, IgAII: 0. |
Femoro-popliteal bypass (PET-scan) |
DH | -Clinical improvement -multiple hypermetabolisc foci persistence |
Our case |
1 IF: immunofluorescence assay; 2 DH: doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine.