Table 1 |.
Ongoing clinical trials of immune cell- and tissue-targeted biomaterials therapeutics
| Immune cell and target site | Technology | Phase | Condition or disease | Clinical trial identifier | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Migratory APCs | Polymer scaffolds carrying tumor antigen, GM-CSF and CpG as a cancer vaccine | 1 | Stage IV melanoma | NCT01753089 | 36,37 |
| B cell follicles in LNs | eOD-GT8 60mer protein NP vaccine | 1 | HIV and AIDS | NCT03547245 | 17,68,70 |
| B cell follicles in LNs | Influenza HA ferritin NP vaccine | 1 | Influenza |
NCT03186781
|
21 |
| LNs | GBP510 SARS-CoV-2 designed protein NP vaccine | 1/2, 3 |
COVID-19 |
NCT04750343, NCT05007951 | 22 |
| LNs | Amph-CpG7909 combined with amph-KRAS peptide antigen cancer vaccine |
1 | KRAS mutated PDAC and other solid tumor cancers | NCT04853017 | 26–28,30 |
| LNs | Matrix M adjuvant in Novavax COVID-19 vaccine | approved | COVID-19 | NCT05463068, NCT05468736, NCT05112848 | 25 |
| Systemic APCs | LNP vaccine encapsulating mRNA encoding the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 | 2 | Head and neck cancer | NCT04534205 | 79 |
| Systemic APCs | LNP vaccine encapsulating mRNA encoding the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 | 1, 2 | Advanced HPV16+ cancer (head and neck, anogenital, penile or cervical) | NCT03418480 | 79 |
| Systemic APCs | Liposomal RNA vaccine | 1 | Melanoma |
NCT02410733 | 78,80 |
| Systemic APCs | PLGA NPs vaccine carrying NY-ESO-1 antigen and IMM60 invariant NK T cell activator | 1 | NY-ESO-1+ tumours |
NCT04751786
|
82 |
| Spleen and liver APCs | Rapamycin-encapsulating NPs | 3 | Chronic Gout |
NCT04596540
|
84 |
| Splenic B cells | Liposomes carrying iNK T cell ligand | 1 | Treatment for graft versus host disease post allogeneic stem cell transplant |
NCT04014790, NCT01379209 |
89–91 |
| Adoptively transferred T cells | IL-15 nanogels backpacked on T cells | 1 | Selected solid tumours, lymphoma |
NCT03815682 | 108 |
| TLR9+ myeloid cells | TLR-9 agonist-presenting spherical nucleic acids | 1b/2 | Advanced solid tumours |
NCT03684785
|
183,184 |
| Intratumoral lymphocytes | LNPs encapsulating mRNAs encoding IL-12 | 1 | Solid tumours | NCT03946800 | 232 |
| Intratumoural lymphocytes | Saline-formulated mRNA cocktail encoding single-chain IL-12, interferon-α2b, GM-CSF and IL-15 superagonist | 1 | Metastatic neoplasm | NCT03871348 | 198 |
| Intratumoural lymphocytes | LNPs encapsulating mRNAs encoding OX40L, IL-23 and IL-36γ |
1 | Selected solid tumours, lymphoma | NCT03739931 | 197,200 |
| Intratumoural lymphocytes | LNPs encapsulating mRNA encoding OX40L |
1/2 | Relapsed and refractory solid tumours, lymphoma and ovarian cancer | NCT03323398 | 197 |
Ref., reference; APC, antigen presenting cells; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; CpG, unmethylated cytosine–guanine dinucleotide; LN, lymph node; NP, nanoparticle; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HA, hemagglutinin; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; COVID-19, coronavirus disease-19; Amph, amphiphilic; KRAS, Kirsten rat sarcoma; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; HPV, human papillomavirus virus; PLGA, poly(lactide-co-glycolide); NY-ESO-1, New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1; NK T, natural killer T; IL, interleukin; TLR, toll-like receptor