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The immunogenicity of 1V209 is enhanced by conjugation to CPMV, CCMV, and Qβ. (A) Evaluation of NF-κB/AP-1 activation in RAW-Blue cells. (B) IL-6 levels measured by ELISA. The admixture of VNPs/VLPs and 1V209 is named as VNPs/VLPs + 1V209, and the conjugation of VNPs/VLPs and 1V209 is named as VNPs/VLPs – 1V209. Data are means ± SEM (n = 6). The results were compared by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, and *P < 0.05).
