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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: AIDS. 2023 Aug 2;37(13):2069–2079. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000003678

Table 2.

Glucose metabolism at 24-28 weeks gestation and up to 32 months postpartum, by HIV status and ART regimen among post-conception ART new

  Without HIV With HIV Full Cohort   Efavirenz Dolutegravir Post-conception ART
  Pregnancy Pregnancy
n=198 n=199 N=397 n=36 n=74 N=110*
Mean (SD) Mean difference (95% CI)1 Mean (SD) Mean difference (95% CI)1
Plasma Glucose, mmol/l              
 Fasting 4.1 (0.4) 4.3 (0.5) 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) 4.4 (0.5) 4.2 (0.6) −0.2 (−0.4, 0.1)
 1-hour 5.9 (1.4) 5.9 (1.4) −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) 5.7 (1.1) 5.5 (1.3) −0.4 (−0.9, 0.1)
 2-hours 5.5 (1.1) 5.5 (1.2) −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) 5.6 (1.0) 5.1 (1.0) −0.5 (−1.0, −0.1)
  N (%) Risk Ratio (95% CI)   N (%) Risk Ratio (95% CI)
Gestational Diabetes              
 No 191 (97.0) 181 (91.0) 1.00   34 (94.4) 68 (91.9) 1.00
 Yes 6 (3.0) 18 (9.0) 3.9 (1.4, 10.7) 2 (5.6) 6 (8.1) 1.1 (0.2, 6.6)2
  Postpartum   Postpartum
n=142 n=150 N=292 n=22 n=60 N=82
Mean (SD) Mean difference (95% CI)1 Mean (SD) Mean difference (95% CI)1
Plasma Glucose, mmol/l            
 Fasting 4.7 (0.6) 4.7 (0.5) 0.0 (−0.1, 0.2) 4.7 (0.6) 4.6 (0.5) −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2)
 1-hour 5.8 (1.3) 5.5 (1.7) −0.4 (−0.8, 0.0) 5.6 (1.7) 5.6 (1.6) 0.0 (−0.9, 0.9)
 2-hours 5.5 (1.2) 5.3 (1.2) −0.2 (−0.5, 0.1) 5.3 (0.9) 5.3 (1.1) 0.1 (−0.4, 0.7)
HOMA-IR 2.9 (2.2) 2.5 (2.1) 0.0 (−0.6, 0.4) 2.5 (2.4) 2.4 (1.8) −0.2 (−1.2, 0.8)
Matsuda Index 6.5 (4.6) 8.0 (6.1) 0.9 (−0.5, 2.3) 8.4 (5.4) 8.1 (6.8) −1.2 (−4.7, 2.3)
N (%) Risk Ratio (95% CI)1   N (%) Risk Ratio (95% CI)1
Glucose Metabolism            
 Normal 124 (93.2) 137 (95.8) 1.00 21(100.0) 56 (96.6) 1.00
 Any glucose metabolism impairment (combined) 9 (6.8) 6 (4.2) 0.5 (0.2, 1.2) 0 (0.0) 2 (3.5) --3
 Impaired fasting glucose 1 (0.8) 2 (1.4) -- 0 (0.0) 1 (1.7) --
 Impaired glucose tolerance 6 (4.5) 2 (1.4) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.7)
 Diabetes mellitus 2 (1.5) 2 (1.4) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
1

Adjusted for: pre-pregnancy BMI, food insecurity status, family history of diabetes, tuberculosis status, physical activity frequency, parity, socioeconomic status.

2

Adjusted for: pre-pregnancy BMI, family history of diabetes, physical activity frequency, parity, socioeconomic status due to model convergence issues.

3

Cannot be estimated. Missing data: Pregnancy fasting glucose n=2, 1-hour glucose n=3, 2-hour glucose n=2; Postpartum: fasting glucose n=17, 1-hour glucose n=19, 2-hour glucose n=18, HOMA-IR n=17, Matsuda index n=22.