Table 1. Prevalence of hypertension among US adults from 1999 to 2018.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 53496) | 1999–2000 (n = 4582) | 2001–2002 (n = 5078) | 2003–2004 (n = 4802) | 2005–2006 (n = 4641) | 2007–2008 (n = 5877) | 2009–2010 (n = 6148) | 2011–2012 (n = 5503) | 2013–2014 (n = 5704) | 2015–2016 (n = 5648) | 2017–2018 (n = 5513) | AAPC | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 37.56(36.01,39.10) | 33.53(30.41,36.65) | 34.00(31.41,36.58) | 37.67(35.38,39.97) | 36.83(34.41,39.25) | 36.72(34.65,38.79) | 35.72(32.84,38.60) | 38.05(35.37,40.74) | 40.33(38.25,42.42) | 38.75(36.10,41.40) | 40.58(37.34,43.81) | 0.896(0.42,1.375) | 0.002 | |
| Age (years) | 20–49 | 14.94(14.13,15.76) | 13.21(9.53,16.89) | 15.20(13.13,17.26) | 15.62(12.85,18.40) | 13.84(10.62,17.06) | 13.85(12.18,15.53) | 13.31(11.43,15.18) | 14.41(12.53,16.30) | 17.06(14.75,19.36) | 15.14(12.76,17.53) | 17.28(14.19,20.38) | 0.728(-0.52,1.991) | 0.216 |
| 40–59 | 38.51(37.29,39.73) | 36.87(30.90,42.84) | 34.01(30.46,37.57) | 39.60(35.60,43.59) | 38.96(34.75,43.18) | 38.54(36.01,41.07) | 34.82(31.19,38.45) | 39.96(37.12,42.80) | 41.30(38.26,44.34) | 39.56(35.96,43.16) | 41.01(35.63,46.39) | 0.749(-0.023,1.526) | 0.056 | |
| 60–85 | 68.80(67.69,69.91) | 67.21(64.13,70.29) | 69.74(66.19,73.30) | 70.68(67.77,73.59) | 69.15(66.57,71.73) | 69.14(66.55,71.74) | 69.74(66.17,73.30) | 67.45(63.93,70.97) | 69.41(66.70,72.13) | 67.30(62.70,71.90) | 68.15(64.24,72.05) | -0.05(-0.288,0.188) | 0.639 | |
| Sex | Female | 37.61(36.68,38.55) | 34.57(31.43,37.70) | 35.91(33.11,38.71) | 38.26(35.13,41.39) | 36.97(33.99,39.95) | 36.92(34.33,39.51) | 35.25(32.70,37.80) | 37.31(34.68,39.94) | 40.55(37.40,43.71) | 38.03(34.84,41.22) | 38.70(35.38,42.02) | 0.503(-0.011,1.019) | 0.054 |
| Male | 37.50(36.48,38.51) | 32.45(28.35,36.55) | 31.99(28.72,35.26) | 37.06(34.35,39.77) | 36.69(33.89,39.48) | 36.51(33.86,39.16) | 36.21(32.42,40.00) | 38.85(35.39,42.30) | 40.09(38.06,42.13) | 39.51(36.76,42.26) | 42.55(38.48,46.63) | 1.231(0.738,1.726) | <0.001 | |
| Race | Non-Hispanic white | 38.62(37.58,39.66) | 33.56(29.81,37.31) | 34.89(32.14,37.64) | 39.16(36.35,41.97) | 37.87(34.83,40.91) | 38.13(35.16,41.10) | 36.70(32.94,40.46) | 39.06(35.42,42.70) | 42.70(39.84,45.55) | 39.34(36.17,42.51) | 41.87(37.53,46.21) | 0.972(0.336,1.611) | 0.008 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 46.13(44.99,47.27) | 40.21(37.70,42.72) | 44.31(39.32,49.30) | 43.65(40.35,46.95) | 45.68(42.91,48.45) | 44.48(40.61,48.35) | 45.15(41.43,48.87) | 47.96(44.62,51.30) | 48.85(45.55,52.16) | 46.82(43.02,50.61) | 49.37(45.46,53.28) | 1.003(0.618,1.39) | <0.001 | |
| Mexican American | 25.88(24.34,27.42) | 25.01(21.71,28.31) | 19.11(16.79,21.42) | 23.82(16.60,31.03) | 23.13(19.45,26.81) | 24.15(20.57,27.74) | 25.61(22.04,29.18) | 27.11(21.19,33.03) | 27.46(23.07,31.86) | 31.55(25.51,37.59) | 27.49(23.38,31.60) | 1.683(0.415,2.968) | 0.015 | |
| Other Hispanic | 30.09(28.01,32.16) | 29.39(21.59,37.18) | 27.24(21.28,33.20) | 29.22(13.99,44.45) | 22.65(14.80,30.51) | 29.38(24.61,34.16) | 27.08(23.75,30.41) | 31.18(24.89,37.48) | 29.23(25.28,33.18) | 32.18(27.20,37.17) | 34.94(29.70,40.18) | 1.31(0.173,2.46) | 0.029 | |
| Other race | 32.90(30.83,34.97) | 36.63(24.23,49.04) | 26.59(18.30,34.89) | 30.52(25.01,36.03) | 32.60(26.40,38.80) | 28.92(21.61,36.24) | 29.38(23.65,35.11) | 31.48(27.98,34.97) | 31.27(26.51,36.03) | 36.19(30.00,42.38) | 37.98(32.12,43.84) | 1.124(-0.116,2.379) | 0.07 | |
| Marital status | No | 36.05(34.97,37.13) | 31.40(28.15,34.65) | 34.21(30.75,37.67) | 34.68(30.88,38.47) | 35.87(32.18,39.56) | 34.23(31.25,37.20) | 32.96(29.75,36.17) | 36.49(33.42,39.56) | 38.70(35.34,42.06) | 39.02(35.23,42.80) | 37.99(34.73,41.26) | 0.984(0.442,1.529) | 0.003 |
| Yes | 38.87(37.91,39.82) | 36.10(32.26,39.94) | 33.86(30.44,37.27) | 39.92(37.74,42.11) | 37.45(34.73,40.18) | 38.65(36.67,40.64) | 37.83(34.50,41.16) | 39.46(36.05,42.87) | 41.64(39.30,43.97) | 38.53(35.60,41.45) | 42.85(39.14,46.57) | 0.685(0.022,1.352) | 0.044 | |
| Education level | Less than high school | 43.65(42.33,44.96) | 39.42(36.24,42.60) | 43.34(38.39,48.30) | 45.06(39.87,50.26) | 43.35(39.74,46.96) | 42.70(38.62,46.79) | 42.29(38.15,46.43) | 46.86(43.89,49.82) | 43.66(39.79,47.53) | 43.70(39.34,48.06) | 44.52(38.66,50.37) | 0.578(-0.039,1.2) | 0.063 |
| High school graduate | 40.92(39.63,42.20) | 37.60(32.81,42.38) | 35.31(30.70,39.92) | 41.27(38.44,44.10) | 39.07(35.06,43.07) | 38.96(35.83,42.09) | 39.40(35.80,43.00) | 41.11(35.69,46.53) | 45.73(42.71,48.75) | 44.72(40.83,48.60) | 43.44(38.80,48.09) | 1.084(0.368,1.806) | 0.008 | |
| Some college | 37.13(35.95,38.32) | 30.59(26.96,34.23) | 31.45(29.21,33.68) | 35.08(32.03,38.13) | 34.01(30.69,37.34) | 35.24(31.94,38.54) | 36.19(33.18,39.20) | 37.56(32.23,42.88) | 41.93(37.91,45.95) | 40.53(37.21,43.85) | 42.83(38.29,47.38) | 1.838(1.422,2.256) | <0.001 | |
| College graduate or above | 31.17(29.74,32.61) | 25.87(22.16,29.58) | 28.62(24.04,33.21) | 31.02(26.60,35.44) | 33.44(28.29,38.58) | 31.33(27.77,34.90) | 27.54(22.30,32.78) | 31.79(27.58,36.00) | 33.00(30.22,35.79) | 30.85(26.46,35.24) | 34.24(28.67,39.82) | 0.995(0.147,1.849) | 0.027 | |
| PIR | Low income | 36.07(34.45,37.69) | 34.56(28.79,40.32) | 34.09(29.06,39.12) | 33.00(28.98,37.02) | 33.46(28.20,38.72) | 34.63(30.54,38.72) | 33.47(30.65,36.30) | 33.63(27.45,39.80) | 38.91(36.15,41.67) | 40.00(34.30,45.69) | 41.33(35.56,47.09) | 1.286(0.499,2.078) | 0.005 |
| Middle income | 41.05(39.77,42.33) | 37.59(33.28,41.90) | 37.31(33.24,41.38) | 40.07(34.68,45.47) | 42.89(39.20,46.57) | 39.71(36.58,42.83) | 40.52(36.04,45.00) | 42.29(37.54,47.04) | 44.58(41.30,47.86) | 41.94(38.61,45.27) | 39.80(35.79,43.80) | 0.567(-0.109,1.248) | 0.089 | |
| High income | 36.87(35.90,37.85) | 32.00(28.49,35.51) | 33.10(30.16,36.05) | 37.99(35.32,40.67) | 35.80(33.10,38.50) | 36.36(34.12,38.60) | 35.28(31.71,38.85) | 38.09(34.97,41.21) | 39.41(36.46,42.35) | 37.14(34.40,39.89) | 40.42(36.32,44.52) | 0.827(0.187,1.47) | 0.018 | |
| Health insurance | No | 24.77(23.55,25.98) | 20.19(16.35,24.02) | 20.71(16.03,25.38) | 24.84(21.40,28.28) | 24.92(20.59,29.25) | 24.71(22.58,26.84) | 23.09(19.60,26.58) | 25.73(22.33,29.13) | 26.20(23.49,28.91) | 27.16(22.59,31.72) | 29.27(23.94,34.60) | 1.45(0.674,2.232) | 0.003 |
| Yes | 40.32(39.39,41.25) | 36.66(32.91,40.41) | 36.93(34.25,39.61) | 40.58(38.09,43.06) | 39.53(36.98,42.07) | 39.61(37.21,42.02) | 39.07(36.23,41.91) | 41.11(37.82,44.40) | 43.42(40.89,45.94) | 40.47(37.27,43.67) | 42.42(39.01,45.82) | 0.718(0.235,1.203) | 0.009 | |
| Life’s simple 7 | Inadequate health | 71.54(69.92,73.16) | 68.70(61.14,76.25) | 63.35(56.47,70.24) | 67.84(63.95,71.72) | 64.80(58.75,70.86) | 70.81(65.03,76.59) | 71.44(67.20,75.69) | 71.49(67.30,75.68) | 72.86(69.00,76.73) | 81.56(78.52,84.59) | 80.17(76.02,84.32) | 1.368(0.805,1.934) | <0.001 |
| Average health | 43.20(42.30,44.10) | 37.87(35.36,40.39) | 38.60(35.85,41.36) | 41.21(38.11,44.31) | 42.12(39.57,44.67) | 43.61(41.52,45.70) | 43.75(40.70,46.80) | 47.03(44.26,49.79) | 39.84(37.12,42.57) | 46.46(43.77,49.15) | 49.23(45.81,52.65) | 1.168(0.457,1.883) | 0.005 | |
| Optimal health | 11.22(10.38,12.06) | 7.13(4.78,9.49) | 8.65(6.42,10.88) | 13.11(10.41,15.80) | 12.16(9.76,14.55) | 12.62(10.43,14.81) | 10.91(8.33,13.49) | 12.70(10.50,14.89) | 6.41(4.02,8.81) | 11.58(9.06,14.11) | 12.26(8.81,15.70) | 0.877(-2.097,3.941) | 0.52 | |
PIR: income-to-poverty ratio; AAPC: average annual percent change