Table 5. Global Clinical Trial Studies on Daidzein Based Products to Access Their Effects in Various Conditions.

no.	clinical trial no.	research topic	current status (phase)	state or condition	sample size	sponsor	location/country
1	NCT01270737 (U.S.)	whole soy and daidzein supplementation in a double-blind randomized controlled study to lower blood pressure in prehypertensive postmenopausal chinese women	completed (phase NA)	hypertension	270	Chinese University of Hong Kong	Center of Research and Promotion of Women’s Health, Hong Kong, China
2	NCT00179556 (U.S.)	menopausal hot flashes with soy isoflavones	completed (phase 3)	menopausal symptoms	210	1. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center	Boston, MA
						2. Nichimo	Tokyo, Japan
3	NCT01556737 (U.S.)	impact of two distinct isoflavone supplements on gene expression of postmenopausal women	completed (phase NA)	postmenopausal	72	Wageningen University	Wageningen, Gelderland, Netherlands
4	NCT00951912 (U.S.)	studying how soy isoflavones affect postmenopausal Chinese women with impaired glucose regulation, metabolism of lipids and glucose	completed (phase NA)	type 2 diabetes mellitus	165	1. Sun Yat-sen University	First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
						2. Nutrition Society of China
						3. International Danone Institute
						4. Department of Health of Guangdong Province
5	IRCT20100414003706N35 (Iran)	effect of a Menohelp Barij capsule on early menopause signs and symptoms: randomized placebo-controlled study	completed (phase 3)	menopausal and other perimenopausal disorders	100	Barij Essence Pharmaceutical Co., Kashan, Iran	Tabriz Public Health Centers, Tabriz, East Azarbaijan
6	EudraCT2020-000228-20 (Europe)	randomized controlled study of probiotic dietary intervention in polycystic ovary syndrome	ongoing (phase 1)	polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)	180	Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria	Austria
7	UMIN000017190 (Japan)	plasma kinetics of the isoflavones daidzein and genistein in healthy females following consumption of fermented soymilk products	completed (phase NA)	healthy women (18–55 years) (menstrually active)	10	1. Kagawa Nutrition University	Japan
						2. Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd.
8	UMIN000019450 (Japan)	effects of daily use of the isoflavone-rich soybean “Yukipirika” on the improvement of bone metabolism and menopausal symptoms examined in a random, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group comparison study	completed (phase NA)	healthy adults and menopausal women	20	1. Hokkaido Information University	Japan
						2. Northern Advancement Center for Science & Technology
9	ChiCTR2100043116 (China)	clinical study on application of PRF/phytoestrogen daidzein complex method in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis after tooth extraction	recruiting (not started)	alveolar bone loss	90	1. Stomatology Department, Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Area, China	Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital, China
						2. Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital, China
10	ChiCTR2000034019 (China)	single-arm exploratory trail of combination of abiraterone with daidzein in the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer	recruiting (not started)	prostate cancer	30	Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China	Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China
11	ChiCTR-TRC-11001222 (China)	preclinical trial of daidzein supplement for postmenopausal osteoporosis	completed (phase NA)	postmenopausal osteopenia or osteoporosis	80	1. Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China,	Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
						2. National Natural Science Fund of China, Beijing, China
12	ChiCTR-TRC-10001048 (China)	effects of daidzein on serum lipid profile in hypercholesterolemia patients with different equol metabolism phenotypes	completed (phase NA)	hypercholesterolemia	400	1. Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China	Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
						2. National Natural Science Fundation of China
13	NCT00661856	impact of soy isoflavones on physical performance indicators and bone mineral density	completed (phase NA)	bone diseases, bone metabolism	203	1. Creighton University	Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE
						2. Solae, LLC
14	NCT00924339	evaluation of urinary isoflavone excretion as compliance indicators in a soy food intervention trial (SOY FIT) for treatment of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia to confirm the beneficial impact of a soy-substituted diet	completed but not verified (phase NA)	familial hypercholesterolemia	30	Medical University of Vienna	Pediatrics Division, Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
15	NCT04871750	prospective, randomized controlled study on the effects of dietary soy protein on facial wrinkles	not started; completion June 2023 (phase NA)	photoaging	80	1. Integrative Skin Science and Research	Sacramento, CA
						2. United Soybean Board
16	NCT00491595	soy isoflavones: phase 1 multiple-dose clinical investigation in healthy postmenopausal women	phase 1 completed	drug toxicity	36	National Cancer Institute (NCI) at University of North Carolina	Chapel Hill, NC
17	NCT05073523	randomized controlled study to evaluate dose–response associations for certain foods’ dietary biomarkers	ongoing; completion May 2022 (phase NA)	healthy	recruiting	Chalmers University of Technology	Department of Food & Nutrition and Sport Science Recruitment, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
18	NCT01497977	impact of phytoestrogens on serum lipids in postmenopausal women	completed (phase 4)	low serum lipid levels	74	American Medical Academy, Serbia	Ultramedica Clinic, American Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
19	NCT01463436	study of soy isoflavone 100 mg/day in postmenopausal women to elaborate effect of soy isoflavone in endothelial function and to reduce oxidative stress	completed (phase 3)	cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis	200	Trisakti University	Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia
20	NCT01048606	synergistic effect of exercise and phytoestrogens on postmenopausal women risk factors for CVD	completed (phase 4)	overweight	45	Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Université de Sherbrooke	Centre of Research on Aging, CSSS-IUGS, Sherbrooke, Canada
21	NCT00669656	men with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after initial local treatment: phase 2 study of combined herbal therapy	completed (phase 2)	prostate cancer	43	University of Southern California	Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, USC, Los Angeles, CA
22	NCT00205179	Alzheimer’s disease: potential benefit of isoflavones	completed (phase 2)	Alzheimer’s disease	72	1. University of Wisconsin—Madison	University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI
						2. National Institute on Aging (NIA)