Table 2.
Risk of Bias in Randomized Controlled Trials
| Source | Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of participants and personnel | Blinding of outcome assessment | Incomplete outcome data | Selective outcome reporting | Other bias | Overall Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chang, 2017 | + | + | − | − | + | + | ? | + |
| Hsu, 2021 | + | + | + | − | + | + | ? | + |
| Nasiri, 2021 | − | ? | − | − | + | + | ? | − |
| Baradari, 2018 | + | ? | + | − | + | + | ? | + |
| Mousavi, 2020 | + | ? | + | + | + | + | ? | + |
| Zhang, 2020 | + | ? | + | − | + | + | ? | + |
| Dahlgren, 2022 | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − |
| Zhou, 2022 | + | ? | − | − | + | + | − | − |
| Tanaka, 2011 | + | − | − | − | + | + | − | − |
| Huang, 2013 | + | ? | − | − | + | + | − | − |
| Rahman, 2013 | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − |
| Griepentrog, 2018 | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − |
| Bjorvatn, 2021 | − | − | + | − | + | + | ? | − |
| Cyr, 2023 | − | ? | + | − | + | + | + | + |
| Fang, 2015 | + | ? | − | − | + | + | − | − |
| Nourian, 2021 | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − |
| Çelik, 2023 | + | ? | − | − | + | + | − | − |
| Yazdi, 2017 | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − |
| Niu, 2021 | + | + | + | − | + | + | ? | + |
| Yoon, 2002 | − | ? | + | − | + | + | − | − |
| Booker, 2022 | − | ? | + | − | + | + | − | − |
| Hausswirth, 2022 | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − |
+ = low risk of bias; − = high risk of bias; ? = unclear risk of bias