Table 1.
Demographic and basic information of the participants
| Total (n = 103) | Experimental group (n = 49) | Control group (n = 54) |
χ2/t /Z | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||||
| Female [n (%)] | 70 (67.96%) | 34 (69.39%) | 36 (66.67%) | 0.087 | 0.768 |
| Male [n (%)] | 33 (32.04) | 15 (30.61) | 18 (33.33) | ||
| Age (years)# | 19.00 (18.00, 20.00) | 19.00 (19.00, 20.00) | 19.00 (18.00, 20.00) | − 1.744 | 0.081 |
| BMI# (kg/m2) | 20.90 (18.62, 23.24) | 20.75 (18.95, 22.55) | 20.81 (18.05, 23.99) | − 0.426 | 0.673 |
| TIV (ml) | 1451.39 (166.79) | 1432.92 (118.78) | 1455.30 (109.15) | − 1.539 | 0.127 |
| Education (years)# | 14.00 (13.00, 14.00) | 13.00 (13.00,14.00) | 14.00 (13.00, 14.00) | − 0.725 | 0.479 |
| CES-D score# | 20.00 (17.00, 27.00) | 20.00 (18.00,27.00) | 22.00 (16.50, 27.50) | − 0.589 | 0.558 |
| PHQ-9 score# | 9.00 (7.00, 12.00) | 9.57 (4.11) | 9.00 (6.00, 12.00) | − 0.799 | 0.427 |
| GAD-7 score# | 7.00 (4.00,10.00) | 7.73 (4.65) | 7.00 (4.00, 10.00) | − 0.670 | 0.506 |
| SF-36 score | 557.40 (96.98) | 551.49 (91.18) | 554.17 (503.34, 639.38) | − 0.587 | 0.558 |
| AUCg# | 4.72 (0.26, 8.08) | 5.72 (3.73) | 3.75 (0.22,7.70) | − 2.602 | 0.009 |
| AUCi# | − 0.01 (− 0.15, 2.09) | 0.46 (− 0.10, 2.82) | − 0.08 (− 0.19, 1.17) | − 2.239 | 0.025 |
| Putamen GMV | 0.30 (0.03) | 0.30 (0.04) | 0.29 (0.03) | 0.971 | 0.335 |
BMI body mass index; CES-D Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; GAD-7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale; GMV gray matter volume; PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire; SF-36 the medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey; and TIV total intracranial volume
#Data are presented as median (P25, P75) due to an abnormal distribution and were examined using the Mann–Whitney U-test