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. 2023 Aug 24;13(10):2299–2317. doi: 10.1007/s13555-023-01004-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Retinaldehyde is transformed into retinoic acid and activates cellular retinoid acid-binding protein 2 (CRABP-II). A CRABP-II expression following RAL/BAK/VAE treatment. Untreated UV-exposed skin, black bars; RAL/BAK/VAE-treated UV-exposed skin, blue bars; placebo-treated UV-exposed skin, green bars. B CRABP-II expression following 3RC treatment. Untreated UV-exposed skin, black bars; 3RC-treated UV-exposed skin, blue bars; placebo-treated UV-exposed skin, green bars. Graphs show the mean area of CRABP-II expression [± standard error of the mean (SEM)] in 12 independent images per condition. **p < 0.01 versus untreated UV-exposed skin. The black scale bar represents 50 μm