Table 7.
Leukaemia relative risks in other groups exposed to ionising radiation in childhood and adulthood.
| Cohort | Endpoint | RR at 1 Gy ( + 95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Childhood exposure—present study and other childhood exposed at low-dose rate | ||
| Present study | AML | 4.91 (2.63, 8.99) |
| CML | 7.21 (3.17, 15.89) | |
| ALL | 24.45 (9.64, 73.28) | |
| UK background radiation [45] | AML | 41 (0, 211) |
| All leukaemia | 91 (21, 171) | |
| Swiss background radiation [46] | All leukaemia | 37 (0, 78) |
| French background radiation [49] | Acute leukaemia | 1 (0, 11) |
| French background radiation [50] | ALL | 0 (0, 9) |
| AML | 0 (0, 17) | |
| Finnish background radiation [51] | ALL | 0 (0, 91) |
| AML | 0 (0, 151) | |
| Chernobyl exposure age <6 [52] | All leukaemia | 33.4 (9.78, 85.0) |
| Childhood exposure—high-dose rate | ||
| LESG childhood cancer [53, 54] | All leukaemia | 1.00 (0.97, 1.09) |
| UK childhood cancer [54, 55] | All leukaemia | 1.24 (1.01, 2.28) |
| Euro2K childhood cancer [56] | All leukaemia | 1.31 (0.68, 1.94) |
| SFOP childhood cancer [57] | All leukaemia | 0.99 (0.93, 1.04) |
| Pooled childhood cancer [40] | All leukaemia without chemotherapy | 2.55 (1.14, 15.3) |
| All leukaemia with chemotherapy | 1.02 (0.99, 1.09) | |
| All-age exposure low-dose rate | ||
| Indian background radiation [58] | Leukaemia excluding CLL | 6.84 (ND, 345.3) |
| Chinese background radiation [59] | All leukaemia | 11.68 ( < 0, ∞) |
| Techa River [60] | Chronic myeloid leukaemia | 4.1 (1.5, 19) |
| Leukaemia excluding CLL | 1.51 (1.17, 2.5) | |
| Acute/subacute leukaemia | 2.8 (1.4, 6.9) | |
| Taiwan 60Co [61] | Leukaemia excluding CLL | 2.8 (1.4a, 3.8a) |
| All-age exposure high-dose rate | ||
| LSS + IRSCC + UK Spondylitis [36] | AML | 4.60b |
| CML | 3.26b | |
| Adult low-dose-rate exposure | ||
| INWORKS [37] | AML | 2.29 (0.18a, 5.28a) |
| CML | 11.45 (5.48a, 20.65a) | |
| ALL | 6.80 (NA, 32.57a) | |
| Mayak [62] | AML | 14.23 (5.25a, 49.45a) |
| CML | 2.39 (0.78a, 8.32a) | |
| Chornobyl clean-up [63] | Leukaemia excluding CLL | 6.0 (0.0a, 58a) |
| Chornobyl clean-up [64] | Leukaemia excluding CLL | 3.21 (1.05, 8.61) |
| Chornobyl clean-up [65] | Leukaemia excluding CLL | 1.44 (0.00a, 3.56a) |
LESG Late Effects Study Group, SFOP Société Française d’Oncologie Pédiatrique, IRSCC International Radiation Study of Cervical Cancer patients, INWORKS International Nuclear Workers Study.
a90% CI.
bAdjusted to age at exposure 25 years, 25 years since exposure; quadratic-exponential relative risk model RR shown at 1 Gy.