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. 2023 Sep 28;13:16279. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-43618-5

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2023

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Illustration of simulated spline vs. predicted spline from simulation study. (A) cubic spline with bspline basis and random toep1; (B) cubic spline with TPF basis and random toep1; (C) restricted cubic spline with TPF basis and random toep1; (D) restricted cubic bspline with pspline basis and random toep1. A High-resolution version of this Figure can be found in Supplementary Information 2.