Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the total sample and stratified by obesity (BMI ≤ 30 kg/m2, BMI > 30 kg/m2)
| Total sample (n = 238) | BMI ≤ 30 kg/m (n = 144) | BMI > 30 kg/m2 (n = 94) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 46.3 (11.8) | 45.9 (12) | 46.9 (11.6) | 0.5301 |
| Sex, female | 164 (68.9) | 108 (75) | 56 (59.6) | 0.0178 |
| Body weight (kg) | 83.8 (24.4) | 67.9 (10.8) | 108.1 (18.9) | < 0.001 |
| Body height (cm) | 170.8 (9.1) | 170.3 (8.5) | 171.6 (10) | 0.2724 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.6 (7.6) | 23.3 (2.6) | 36.6 (5.2) | < 0.001 |
| Relative total body fat (%) | 34 (10.5) | 28.6 (8.1) | 42.6 (7.9) | < 0.001 |
| Relative visceral body fat (%) | 2.5 (1.8) | 1.5 (1.0) | 4 (1.7) | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 93.1 (19.1) | 80.5 (9.6) | 112.4 (12.8) | < 0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | < 0.001 |
| Body fat distribution | 7.2 (4.8) | 5.4 (3.7) | 10 (5) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 63 (26.5) | 21 (14.6) | 42 (44.7) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 10 (4.2) | 5 (3.5) | 5 (5.3) | 0.7698 |
| Total alcohol consumption (alcoholic beverages per day) | 0.15 (0.05–0.54) | 0.15 (0.12–0.54) | 0.15 (0.05–0.54) | 0.2447 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Medium intensity | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–2.88) | 0.6213 |
| High intensity | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.425 |
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | |||
| Current smoker | 34 (14.3) | 13 (9.0) | 21 (22.3) | |
| Never smoker | 119 (50) | 87 (60.4) | 32 (34.0) | |
| Former smoker | 85 (35.7) | 44 (30.6) | 41 (43.6) | |
| Vegetarian diet | 0.2005 | |||
| No | 214 (89.9) | 128 (88.9) | 86 (91.5) | |
| Vegetarian | 12 (5) | 10 (6.9) | 2 (2.1) | |
| Vegan | 12 (5) | 6 (4.2) | 6 (6.4) | |
Mean (SD) or median (IQR) or n (%)