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. 2023 Sep 28;13:16341. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-42819-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Plasma from patients post hepatic RFA variably induce proliferation of HCC cell lines associated with an increase in cytokines and growth factors. (A) To determine whether hepatic RFA induces secretion of pro-tumorigenic factors, human HCC cell lines were incubated with 20% plasma of nine HCC (n = 3/9) and CRC (n = 6/9) patient baseline and 90 min post-RFA plasma. Live continuous cellular proliferation (marked as V) was monitored using an IncuCyte device. (B) Plasma of patients induce statistically significant increased proliferation (marked in yellow) in some HCC cell lines 90 min post-RFA treatment (FC). Three samples induced proliferation of Huh7 with protein analysis showing elevated levels of IL-6 and EGF or HGF compared to pre-RFA. Five cases of proliferation of Hep3B were seen, most having increase of EGF or HGF without IL-6 increase compared to pre-RFA. Two patients induced proliferation of HepG2 had elevated levels of FGF2 compared to pre-RFA. All measurements were performed in triplicate.