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. 2023 Sep 25;16:100469. doi: 10.1016/j.resplu.2023.100469

Table 2.

Comparison between both systems EVapp and Ticino Cuore App. AED, automatic external defibrillator; FR, First Responder; SMS, standard short message.

System EVapp Ticino Cuore App
1. Initiation of the system
Year of Implementation 2017 2014
Location of Implementation Hoogstraten, Belgium Canton Ticino, Switzerland
2. AEDs and type of Volunteers
Number of AEDs
(December 2022) 		22 1592
Number of FR
(December 2022) 		340 5931
Number of FR on the total population (in %) 1.6% 1.7%
Ratio AED to FRs 1:2 1:3
AEDs privately owned 45% 64%
Types of FR
  • •

    Lay FR-basic (paramedic, policemen, firefighter, lifeguard, other volunteer)

  • •

    Lay FR-advanced (off-duty healthcare personnel such as advanced nurses, medical doctors)
  • •

    Professional FR (on-duty policemen, firefighters on patrol)

  • •

    Lay FR-Basic (off-duty non-medical personnel)

  • •

    Lay FR-Advanced (off-duty medical personnel)

  • •

    Rapid Responders (off-duty paramedics living in remote areas)
3. System specifics
Equipment 2 lay responders are navigated to the closest AED, additional nearby AEDs shown on a map. AED navigation not included; nearby AEDs shown on a map.
Volunteer Activation All nearby volunteers are activated. All volunteers nearby are activated, only those with a transportation time less than the EMS arrival time are then activated.
Closure of responder call When 5 volunteers have accepted using geolocation, or indefinite number in case of SMS activation. Maximum of 6 volunteers, 1 for each professional or lay advanced/rapid FR and 3 for lay basic FR.
Response Rate Ranging from 55 to 75% Ranging from 70 to 80%.
Notification System Notification through mobile push-notification based on geolocation or SMS (work and home address). Notification through a mobile push notification.

1. Statbel, het Belgische statistiekbureau | Statbel [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 1]. Available from: https://statbel.fgov.be/nl.

15. Caputo ML, Muschietti S, Burkart R, Benvenuti C, Conte G, Regoli F, et al. Lay persons alerted by mobile application system initiate earlier cardio-pulmonary resuscitation: A comparison with SMS-based system notification. Resuscitation 2017;114:73–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESUSCITATION.2017.03.003.