Table 3.
Participant psychological and functional measures by with TBI and without TBI.
| Variables | Overall (n = 693) | TBI (n = 384) | No TBI (n = 309) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | P-valuea | |
| Barratt impulsiveness scale | 85 (10) | 85.73 (9.76) | 85.06 (9.97) | 0.340 |
| Eysenck impulsivity questionnaire | ||||
| Impulsiveness | 13.6 (3.7) | 13.92 (3.48) | 13.16 (3.95) | 0.015 |
| Venturesomeness | 11.27 (3.07) | 11.43 (3.01) | 11.07 (3.14) | 0.128 |
| Empathy | 11.5 (3.6) | 11.58 (3.53) | 11.38 (3.75) | 0.516 |
| Anger, irritability, and assault questionnaire | ||||
| Irritability | 19 (6) | 19.00 (5.82) | 18.06 (6.32) | 0.016 |
| Anger lability | 11.8 (4.9) | 12.19 (4.90) | 11.41 (4.86) | 0.038 |
| Direct assault | 18 (7) | 18.15 (6.95) | 16.69 (6.72) | 0.002 |
| Verbal assault | 17.0 (5.2) | 17.30 (5.12) | 16.64 (5.35) | 0.062 |
| Indirect assault | 7.1 (3.6) | 7.30 (3.63) | 6.79 (3.49) | 0.055 |
| Beck depression inventory | 11 (9) | 11.74 (8.86) | 10.13 (8.24) | 0.012 |
| Kessler psychological distress scale | ||||
| k10 | 15 (9) | 15.36 (8.62) | 14.39 (8.96) | 0.081 |
| Duke social support scale | ||||
| Duke score | 24.2 (4.6) | 24.12 (4.51) | 24.24 (4.65) | 0.714 |
| Quality of life short form questionnaire | ||||
| Physical component | 53 (7) | 52.53 (7.92) | 53.96 (6.62) | 0.024 |
| Mental component | 41 (12) | 39.82 (12.45) | 42.09 (12.22) | 0.016 |
| State–trait anger expression inventory | ||||
| State anger | 16.9 (4.5) | 17.00 (4.86) | 16.72 (4.12) | 0.143 |
| Trait anger | 25 (7) | 25.19 (6.42) | 24.50 (6.78) | 0.098 |
| Anger expression-out | 20.6 (5.0) | 21.03 (4.90) | 20.06 (5.03) | 0.003 |
| Anger expression-in | 19.2 (4.3) | 19.60 (4.12) | 18.77 (4.52) | 0.009 |
| Anger control-out | 17.4 (4.7) | 17.28 (4.55) | 17.64 (4.87) | 0.323 |
| Anger control-in | 18.4 (4.9) | 18.22 (4.80) | 18.52 (5.09) | 0.367 |
| Anger expression-index | 52 (14) | 53.13 (12.88) | 50.66 (14.69) | 0.007 |
| Alcohol use disorders identification test | 11 (9) | 11.83 (9.01) | 9.90 (8.14) | 0.007 |
| International personality disorder examination | ||||
| Borderline | 323 (47%) | 186 (48%) | 137 (44%) | 0.282b |
| Impulsive | 502 (72%) | 278 (72%) | 224 (72%) | 0.978b |
| Dissocial | 320 (46%) | 188 (49%) | 132 (43%) | 0.101b |
| Wechsler individual achievement test score, mean (SD) | 116 (16) | 116.18 (16.66) | 116.56 (15.04) | 0.941c |
| Self-harm/Suicide and past sexual abuse | ||||
| Suicidal ideation | 351 (51%) | 217 (57%) | 134 (43%) | <0.001 b |
| Suicidal attempt | 172 (25%) | 109 (28%) | 63 (20%) | 0.015 b |
| Self-harm or injury | 169 (24%) | 101 (26%) | 68 (22%) | 0.191b |
| Childhood sexual abuse | 277 (40%) | 162 (42%) | 115 (37%) | 0.184b |
| Substance abuse (current) | 0.103 | |||
| Yes | 570 (82%) | 324 (84%) | 246 (80%) | |
| No | 123 (18%) | 60 (16%) | 63 (20%) | |
| Substance abuse (former) | 0.113 | |||
| Yes | 578 (83%) | 328 (85%) | 250 (81%) | |
| No | 115 (17%) | 56 (15%) | 59 (19%) | |
| MDMA | 0.037 | |||
| Current | 41 (5.9%) | 19 (4.9%) | 22 (7.1%) | |
| Former | 244 (35%) | 152(40%) | 92 (30%) | |
| Never used | 4(0.6%) | 2 (0.5%) | 2 (0.5%) |
aOne-way ANOVA (equal variance not assured; Bonferroni post Hoc test where significant). bHosmer-Lemeshow Goodness of fit test. SD standard deviation. Bold values indicate statistical significance at 0.05 level. All statistical procedures were computed on R4.3.3. Statistical tests are two-sided. cOne-way ANOVA (equal variance not assured).