Table 5.
Participant psychological and functional measures by severity of head injury based on Number of TBI.
| Variables | 1 TBI (n = 182) | 2 TBI (n = 81) | >2 TBI (n = 121) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | P-valuea | |
| Barratt impulsiveness scale | 86.04 (10.14) | 82.81 (9.11)* | 87.20 (9.26)* | 0.005 |
| Eysenck impulsivity questionnaire | ||||
| Impulsiveness | 13.66 (3.67) | 13.81 (3.05) | 14.39 (3.44) | 0.076 |
| Venturesomeness | 11.27 (2.69) | 11.37 (3.13) | 11.71 (3.38) | 0.12 |
| Empathy | 11.38 (3.37) | 12.02 (3.63) | 11.59 (3.68) | 0.279 |
| Anger, irritability, and assault questionnaire | ||||
| Irritability | 18.93 (6.05) | 18.75 (5.72) | 19.27 (5.57) | 0.907 |
| Anger lability | 12.14 (4.63) | 11.81 (5.13) | 12.53 (5.17) | 0.569 |
| Direct assault | 18.10 (6.98) | 17.98 (6.75) | 18.35 (7.09) | 0.818 |
| Verbal assault | 17.64 (5.10) | 17.17 (4.89) | 16.87 (5.31) | 0.43 |
| Indirect assault | 7.58 (3.79) | 7.17 (3.14) | 6.98 (3.68) | 0.296 |
| Beck depression inventory | 10.84 (8.61) | 10.53 (9.26)* | 13.89 (8.63)* | <0.001 |
| Kessler psychological distress scale | ||||
| k10 | 14.22(8.56)* | 15.77 (9.34) | 16.81 (8.03)* | 0.024 |
| Duke social support scale | ||||
| Duke score | 24.73 (4.33)* | 24.46 (4.26) | 22.98 (4.76)* | 0.005 |
| Quality of life short form questionnaire | ||||
| Physical component | 52.89 (7.00) | 52.94 (7.87) | 51.71 (9.16) | 0.833 |
| Mental component | 41.79(12.55)* | 39.57 (11.54) | 37.01 (12.42)* | 0.005 |
| State–trait anger expression inventory | ||||
| State anger | 16.81 (4.08) | 17.11 (4.56) | 17.22 (6.04) | 0.713 |
| Trait anger | 25.10 (6.63) | 25.09 (5.74) | 25.40 (6.58) | 0.815 |
| Anger expression-out | 21.52 (5.16) | 20.38 (4.43) | 20.73 (4.75) | 0.08 |
| Anger expression-in | 19.10 (3.93) | 20.01 (4.38) | 20.08 (4.18) | 0.099 |
| Anger control-out | 17.37 (4.84) | 17.36 (4.24) | 17.10 (4.34) | 0.814 |
| Anger control-in | 18.37 (4.92) | 18.64 (4.83) | 17.72 (4.58) | 0.432 |
| Anger expression-index | 52.88 (13.50) | 52.40 (11.53) | 53.99 (12.84) | 0.573 |
| Alcohol use disorders identification test | 10.59 (9.06)* | 12.17 (8.82) | 13.45 (8.86)* | 0.011 |
| International personality disorder examination | ||||
| Borderline | 78 (43%) | 40 (49%) | 68 (56%) | 0.074b |
| Impulsive | 131 (72%) | 58 (72%) | 89 (74%) | 0.941b |
| Dissocial | 78 (43%)* | 40 (49%) | 70 (58%)* | 0.038 b |
| Self-harm/Suicide and past sexual abuse | ||||
| Suicidal ideation | 90 (49%)* | 49 (60%) | 78 (64%)* | 0.026 b |
| Suicidal attempt | 46 (25%)* | 18 (22%) | 45 (37%)* | 0.030 b |
| Self-harm or injury | 42 (23%) | 18 (22%) | 41 (34%) | 0.072b |
| Childhood sexual abuse | 70 (38%) | 32 (40%) | 60 (50%) | 0.136b |
| Substance abuse (current) | 0.044 | |||
| Yes | 162 (89%) | 63 (78%) | 99 (82%) | |
| No | 20 (11%) | 18 (22%) | 22 (18%) | |
| Substance abuse (former) | 0.164 | |||
| Yes | 162 (89%) | 67 (83%) | 99 (82%) | |
| No | 20 (11%) | 14(17%) | 22(18%) | |
| Cannabis | 0.026 | |||
| Current | 89 (49%) | 23 (28%)* | 61 (50%)* | |
| Former | 67 (37%) | 40 (49%) | 47 (39%) | |
| Never | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.8%) |
*Significant pairwise comparison (Bonferroni method). aOne-way ANOVA (equal variance not assured; Bonferroni post Hoc test where significant). bHosmer-Lemeshow Goodness of fit test. SD, standard deviation. Bold values indicate statistical significance at 0.05 level. All statistical procedures were computed on R4.3.3. Statistical tests are two-sided.