Table 6.
Participant psychological and functional measures by mild TBI and without TBI.
| Variables | Overall (n = 421) | Mild TBI (n = 112) | No TBI (n = 309) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | P-value a | |
| Barratt impulsiveness scale | 85 (10) | 86.46 (10.21) | 85.06 (9.97) | 0.214 |
| Eysenck impulsivity questionnaire | ||||
| Impulsiveness | 13.3 (3.9) | 13.85 (3.61) | 13.16 (3.95) | 0.123 |
| Venturesomeness | 11.14 (3.00) | 11.35 (2.57) | 11.07 (3.14) | 0.743 |
| Empathy | 11.4 (3.7) | 11.40 (3.39) | 11.38 (3.75) | 0.903 |
| Anger, irritability, and assault questionnaire | ||||
| Irritability | 18 (6) | 19.12 (5.48) | 18.06 (6.32) | 0.05 |
| Anger lability | 11.7 (4.9) | 12.37 (4.77) | 11.41 (4.86) | 0.11 |
| Direct assault | 17 (7) | 18.60 (7.20) | 16.69 (6.72) | 0.006 |
| Verbal assault | 17.0 (5.3) | 18.08 (4.93) | 16.64 (5.35) | 0.008 |
| Indirect assault | 7.1 (3.6) | 7.84 (3.84) | 6.79 (3.49) | 0.009 |
| Beck depression inventory | 10 (8) | 10.34 (8.11) | 10.13 (8.24) | 0.749 |
| Kessler psychological distress scale | ||||
| k10 | 14 (9) | 14.25 (8.52) | 14.39 (8.96) | 0.99 |
| Duke social support scale | ||||
| Duke score | 24.5 (4.5) | 25.14 (3.94) | 24.24 (4.65) | 0.124 |
| Quality of life short form questionnaire | ||||
| Physical component | 54 (6) | 53.84 (5.94) | 53.96 (6.62) | 0.582 |
| Mental component | 42 (12) | 41.99 (12.18) | 42.09 (12.22) | 0.951 |
| State–trait anger expression inventory | ||||
| State anger | 16.7 (4.1) | 16.66 (4.01) | 16.72 (4.12) | 0.328 |
| Trait anger | 25 (7) | 24.94 (6.46) | 24.50 (6.78) | 0.402 |
| Anger expression-out | 20.5 (5.1) | 21.72 (5.13) | 20.06 (5.03) | <0.001 |
| Anger expression-in | 18.9 (4.3) | 19.17 (3.62) | 18.77 (4.52) | 0.245 |
| Anger control-out | 17.6 (4.8) | 17.44 (4.59) | 17.64 (4.87) | 0.759 |
| Anger control-in | 18.5 (5.0) | 18.42 (4.67) | 18.52 (5.09) | 0.767 |
| Anger expression-index | 51 (14) | 53.04 (12.97) | 50.66 (14.69) | 0.043 |
| Alcohol use disorders identification test | 10 (8) | 10.78 (8.77) | 9.90 (8.14) | 0.407 |
| International personality disorder examination | ||||
| Borderline | 187 (44%) | 50 (45%) | 137 (44%) | 0.955b |
| Impulsive | 306 (73%) | 82 (73%) | 224 (72%) | 0.883b |
| Dissocial | 183 (43%) | 51 (46%) | 132 (43%) | 0.606b |
| Self-harm/Suicide and past sexual abuse | ||||
| Suicidal ideation | 185 (44%) | 51 (46%) | 134 (43%) | 0.692b |
| Suicidal attempt | 91 (22%) | 28 (25%) | 63 (20%) | 0.310b |
| Self-harm or injury | 93 (22%) | 25 (22%) | 68 (22%) | 0.945b |
| Childhood sexual abuse | 150 (36%) | 35(31%) | 115 (37%) | 0.259b |
| Substance abuse (current) | 0.022 b | |||
| Yes | 346 (82%) | 100 (89%) | 246 (80%) | |
| No | 75 (18%) | 12 (11%) | 63 (20%) | |
| Substance Abuse (Former) | 0.024 b | |||
| Yes | 351 (83%) | 101 (90%) | 250 (81%) | |
| No | 70 (17%) | 11 (9.8%) | 59 (19%) |
aOne-way ANOVA (equal variance not assured; Bonferroni post Hoc test where significant). bHosmer-Lemeshow Goodness of fit test. SD, standard deviation. Bold values indicate statistical significance at 0.05 level. All statistical procedures were computed on R4.3.3. Statistical tests are two-sided.