Table 2.
Possible risk factors for Stevens–Johnson syndrome in case individuals and family members, Haiti, October 2020–June 2021
| Individual code* | Age (years) | Sex | MDA† | HLA genotype | SARS-CoV-2 PCR (November 17–20, 2020) | SARS-CoV-2 IgG no. 1 (November 17–20, 2020) | SARS-CoV-2 IgG no. 2 (May 31, 2021) | Concentration of medication metabolites detected in blood samples (nM) (November 17–20, 2020)‡§ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulfadoxine | Chloroquine | ||||||||
| 1-0 | 12 | M | SP, PQ | B*44:03, heterozygous | ND | Pos | Equivocal | 60.2 | ND |
| 1-1 | 16 | M | SP, PQ | – | ND | Pos | – | 235.4 | 35.9 |
| 1-2 | 15 | F | SP, PQ | – | ND | Pos | – | 159.8 | ND |
| 1-3 | 9 | F | SP, PQ | – | ND | Neg | – | 417.5 | ND |
| 1-4 | 41 | M | SP, PQ | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 1-5 | 35 | F | Excluded | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 1-6 | 13 | M | SP, PQ | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 1-7 | 56 | M | SP, PQ | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2-0 | 15 | F | SP, PQ | B*44:03, heterozygous | ND | Pos | Equivocal | 338.7 | ND |
| 2-1 | 52 | F | SP, PQ | – | ND | Pos | – | 906.8 | ND |
| 2-2 | 10 | F | SP, PQ | – | ND | Pos | – | 45.7 | ND |
| 2-3 | 9 | M | SP, PQ | – | ND | Pos | – | 12.8 | 5289.7 |
| 2-4 | 32 | F | SP, PQ | – | ND | Pos | – | ND | ND |
| 2-5 | 34 | F | SP | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2-6 | 30 | M | Refused | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2-7 | 0 | F | Excluded | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 3-0 | 34 | F | SP | A*29, heterozygous B*44:03, homozygous | ND | Pos | Equivocal | 201.1 | ND |
| 3-1 | 45 | M | SP, PQ | – | ND | – | – | 719.7 | ND |
| 3-2 | 12 | F | SP, PQ | – | – | Neg | – | 728.8 | ND |
| 3-3 | 10 | F | SP, PQ | – | – | Neg | – | 413.1 | ND |
| 3-4 | 9 | F | SP, PQ | – | ND | Neg | – | 28.6 | ND |
| 3-5 | 7 | M | SP, PQ | – | – | Neg | – | 87.5 | ND |
| 3-6 | 4 | M | SP, PQ | – | ND | Neg | – | 247.3 | ND |
| 3-7 | 1 | F | SP | – | – | Neg | – | 113.7 | ND |
| 3-8 | – | – | Yes | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 4-0 | 50 | F | SP, PQ | B*44:03, heterozygous | – | – | Equivocal | – | – |
| 4-1 | 48 | M | SP, PQ | – | – | Pos | – | 254.6 | ND |
| 4-2 | 7 | F | SP, PQ | – | – | Pos | – | 82.7 | ND |
| 4-3 | – | – | Yes | – | – | Neg | – | 64.9 | ND |
| 4-4 | 13 | M | SP, PQ | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 4-5 | 20 | F | SP, PQ | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 4-6 | 17 | M | SP, PQ | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 4-7 | 21 | M | SP, PQ | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 4-8 | 11 | M | SP, PQ | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 4-9 | 24 | M | SP, PQ | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 4-10 | 28 | M | SP, PQ | – | – | – | – | – | – |
F = female; HLA = human leukocyte antigen; M = male; MDA = mass drug administration; ND = not detected; Neg = negative; PCR = polymerase chain reaction; Pos = positive; PQ = primaquine; SP = sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Dashes indicate that results were not available because of resource limitations (HLA genotype testing and SARS-CoV-2 IgG in May 2021 were only conducted for case individuals); for all other assays, teams attempted to collect blood and nasopharyngeal samples from all case individuals and household members; here, dashes indicate that results were unavailable because of individual unavailability or refusals.
Individual code designates the household by 1, 2, 3, and 4 as the first digit; the second digit with “-0” indicates the case individual; all others are noncase household members.
“SP, PQ” or “SP” indicates the medication was confirmed as taken in the MDA campaign; “yes” indicates a personal report of taking MDA medications; MDA occurred on October 1–7, 2020, for these households.
Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) concentration limits of detection: sulfadoxine: 3.4 nM; chloroquine: 35.1 nM; primaquine: 3.7 nM. Primaquine was not detected in any of the same samples that were tested for sulfadoxine and chloroquine; primaquine results are not shown.
UPLC-MS analysis of the same samples did not detect any chemical compounds for the following plants used as herbal remedies (local names): Artemesia vulgaris (armoise), Azadirachta indica (lila), and Momordica charantia (asorossi).