Table 3.
Baseline characteristics, hospital outcomes, physiological and laboratory values, and management of Cohort B
| Variable | All (n = 40) | AMR (n = 6) | Non-AMR (n = 34) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years; median (IQR) | 34 (9–51) | 54 (45–63) | 30 (4–47) | – |
| Age, years; n (%) | ||||
| 0–5 | 9 (23) | 0 (0) | 9 (23) | – |
| 6–17 | 3 (7.5) | 1 (17) | 2 (5.8) | – |
| ≥ 18 | 28 (70) | 5 (83) | 23 (68) | – |
| Female, n (%) | 14 (35) | 3 (50) | 11 (32) | – |
| Admission diagnosis,* n (%) | ||||
| Septic shock | 22 (55) | 4 (67) | 18 (53) | – |
| Acute kidney injury | 16 (40) | 5 (83) | 11 (32) | – |
| Respiratory failure | 14 (35) | 2 (33) | 12 (35) | – |
| Pneumonia | 7 (18) | 1 (17) | 6 (18) | – |
| Bacteria, n (%) | ||||
| Escherichia coli | 4 (10) | 3 (50) | 1 (3) | – |
| Klebsiella spp. | 2 (5) | 2 (33) | 0 (0) | – |
| Enterobacter spp. | 1 (2.5) | 1 (17) | 0 (0) | – |
| Citrobacter spp. | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | – |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 3 (7.5) | 0 (0) | 3 (8.8) | – |
| Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus | 29 (73) | 0 (0) | 29 (85) | – |
| ICU LOS, days; median (IQR) | 4 (1–9) | 2 (1–5) | 4 (1–9) | – |
| Hospital LOS, days; median (IQR) | 7 (2–16) | 3.5 (1–10) | 8 (3–18) | – |
| Death, n (%) | 22 (55) | 4 (67) | 18 (53) | 0.54 |
| Discharge, n (%) | 14 (35) | 1 (17) | 13 (38) | 0.31 |
| Transfer, n (%) | 4 (10) | 1 (17) | 3 (8.8) | 0.56 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg; median (IQR) | 103 (84–121) | 101 (84–115) | 103 (84–124) | 0.94 |
| Pulse, beats/minute; median (IQR) | 128 (111–141) | 135 (102–144) | 127 (111–140) | 0.61 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/minute; median (IQR) | 25 (20–39) | 22 (20–25) | 26 (20–40) | 0.25 |
| Peripheral oxygen saturation, median (IQR) | 92 (89–96) | 91 (85–100) | 92 (89–96) | 0.97 |
| GCS score, median (IQR) | 9 (4–14) | 9 (4–11) | 9 (4–14) | 0.86 |
| qSOFA score, median (IQR) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 0.68 |
| qSOFA score ≥ 1, n (%) | 40 (100) | 6 (100) | 34 (100) | – |
| Laboratory values, median (IQR) | ||||
| Hemoglobin,† g/dL | 13 (10–15) | 10 (8.1–11) | 13 (11–15) | 0.34 |
| WBC,‡ ×103/μL | 14 (10–23) | 10 (5.3–30) | 15 (11–23) | 0.34 |
| Platelets,§ ×103/μL | 220 (162–350) | 191 (162–487) | 242 (160–350) | 0.34 |
| Creatinine,‖ mg/dL | 1.4 (1–2.4) | 2.2 (1.3–3) | 1.2 (1–2.2) | 0.36 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 32 (80) | 5 (83) | 28 (82) | 0.83 |
| Vasopressor administered, n (%) | ||||
| 24 hours before culture¶ | 11 (28) | 4 (67) | 7 (21) | 0.04 |
| 24 hours after culture# | 22 (55) | 4 (67) | 18 (53) | 0.67 |
| Volume of IVF administered, mL; median (IQR) | ||||
| 24 hours before culture** | 1,675 (750–2,465) | 1,700 (575–2,725) | 1,675 (900–2,293) | 0.89 |
| 24 hours after culture†† | 2,430 (647–3,000) | 3,300 (2,430–3,500) | 2,125 (550–2,880) | 0.07 |
| Initial antibiotic administered, n (%) | ||||
| Ceftriaxone | 20 (50) | 4 (67) | 2 (33) | 0.38 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | 16 (40) | 2 (33) | 4 (67) | 0.72 |
| Metronidazole | 13 (33) | 4 (67) | 2 (33) | 0.06 |
| Meropenem | 10 (25) | 1 (17) | 5 (83) | 0.61 |
AMR = antimicrobial resistance; GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; ICU = intensive care unit; IQR = interquartile range; IVF = intravenous fluid; LOS = length of stay; qSOFA = quick sequential organ failure assessment; WBC = white blood cell. Antibiotic percentages were calculated using the denominator of 40 patients. Multiple antibiotics could be given to a single patient, and regimens could be changed based upon culture results. Therefore, the number of antibiotics given will not sum to 100%.
Patients were given more than one diagnosis. These are the most common. Percentages were calculated by using the denominator of each column and do not add up to 100%. Discharge from hospital was considered discharge to home. Transfer was considered transfer to another hospital facility. Physiological variables were collected at ICU admission.
A denominator of 39 is different for each variable based on the data available from the paper chart review.
A denominator of 37 is different for each variable based on the data available from the paper chart review.
A denominator of 37 is different for each variable based on the data available from the paper chart review.
A denominator of 39 is different for each variable based on the data available from the paper chart review.
A denominator of 39 is different for each variable based on the data available from the chart review.
A denominator of 40 is different for each variable based on the data available from the chart review.
A denominator of 20 is different for each variable based on the data available from the chart review.
A denominator of 29 is different for each variable based on the data available from the chart review.