Table 2.
Differences in demographics between COVID-19 patients with a duration of viral shedding ≤14 days and > 14 days in the developmental and validation datasets
| Developmental dataset (local patients) | Validation dataset (overseas patients) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DVS | ≤14 days | >14 days | P value | ≤14 days | >14 days | P value |
| Age, years | 36.0 (29.0, 45.0) | 40.0 (30.0, 53.0) | 0.017 | 42.5 (34.5, 55.5) | 57.0 (46.0, 62.0) | 0.003 |
| Sex | 0.955 | 0.033 | ||||
| Male, n | 112 (57.4%) | 82 (57.7%) | 40 (71.4%) | 33 (91.7%) | ||
| Female, n | 83 (42.6%) | 60 (42.3%) | 16 (28.6%) | 3 (8.3%) | ||
| Days since onset, days | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | 0.5 (0.0, 1.0) | 0.353 | 1.0 (0.0, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.0, 1.0) | 0.581 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension, n | 12 (6.2%) | 12 (8.5%) | 0.418 | 10 (17.9%) | 11 (30.6%) | 0.157 |
| Diabetes, n | 7 (3.6%) | 8 (5.6%) | 0.369 | 7 (12.5%) | 8 (22.2%) | 0.218 |
| Use of ACEIs/ARBs | 7 (3.6%) | 4 (2.8%) | 0.766 | 5 (8.9%) | 1 (2.8%) | 0.398 |
| COVID-19 vaccine doses | 0.315 | 0.109 | ||||
| 0 doses, n | 9 (4.6%) | 9 (6.3%) | 5 (8.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| 1 dose, n | 2 (1.0%) | 5 (3.5%) | 1 (1.8%) | 1 (2.8%) | ||
| 2 doses, n | 79 (40.5%) | 50 (35.2%) | 18 (32.1%) | 7 (28.0%) | ||
| 3 doses, n | 105 (53.8%) | 78 (54.9%) | 32 (57.1%) | 28 (77.8%) | ||
| Symptomatic, n | 111 (56.9%) | 87 (61.3%) | 0.424 | 14 (25.0%) | 16 (44.4%) | 0.052 |
| Weight, kg | 61.0 (55.0, 70.5) | 61.0 (55.0, 72.5) | 0.710 | 64.5 (58.0, 72.0) | 69.9 (61.8, 72.5) | 0.133 |
| Height, m | 1.65 (1.58, 1.70) | 1.65 (1.57, 1.70) | 0.425 | 1.67 (1.61, 1.73) | 1.68 (1.65, 1.70) | 0.580 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.31 (20.76, 25.97) | 23.44 (21.51, 26.04) | 0.411 | 22.96 (20.81, 25.30) | 24.39 (21.70, 26.47) | 0.148 |
| ORF gene Ct value | 25.0 (19.0, 31.0) | 23.0 (18.0, 28.0) | 0.018 | 29.0 (24.0, 33.5) | 24.0 (21.0, 28.5) | 0.003 |
| N gene Ct value | 25.0 (19.0, 30.0) | 23.0 (18.0, 29.0) | 0.014 | 28.0 (24.0, 33.0) | 24.0 (21.0, 28.5) | 0.001 |
| WBC count, 109/L | 6.01 (4.58, 7.43) | 5.96 (4.87, 7.43) | 0.556 | 6.46 (4.93, 8.60) | 6.98 (5.54, 8.23) | 0.707 |
| Neutrophil count, 109/L | 3.77 (2.79, 5.31) | 4.25 (3.04, 5.37) | 0.150 | 4.29 (3.01, 5.84) | 4.56 (3.30, 5.80) | 0.611 |
| Lymphocyte count, 109/L | 1.25 (0.84, 1.74) | 1.09 (0.72, 1.52) | 0.004 | 1.54 (1.10, 2.02) | 1.41 (0.92, 1.84) | 0.229 |
| Monocyte count, 109/L | 0.49 (0.38, 0.63) | 0.49 (0.35, 0.62) | 0.823 | 0.48 (0.37, 0.62) | 0.51 (0.43, 0.59) | 0.218 |
| NLR | 3.02 (1.86, 5.10) | 3.54 (2.30, 7.32) | 0.006 | 2.76 (1.81, 4.37) | 3.27 (2.12, 4.87) | 0.183 |
| CRP, mg/L | 2.80 (0.90, 5.77) | 4.25 (1.40, 9.10) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.10, 3.65) | 3.05 (1.03, 8.85) | 0.002 |
| K+, mmol/L | 3.97 (3.76, 4.13) | 3.82 (3.60, 3.98) | <0.001 | 3.96 (3.76, 4.18) | 3.70 (3.57, 4.03) | 0.010 |
| Cl−, mmol/L | 104.00 (101.85, 106.20) | 103.65 (102.00, 106.00) | 0.952 | 103.35 (101.40, 105.05) | 103.55 (102.25, 106.00) | 0.185 |
| ALT, U/L | 16.10 (12.05, 25.55) | 15.35 (11.00, 24.30) | 0.281 | 21.35 (14.45, 32.00) | 17.00 (13.40, 22.15) | 0.091 |
| AST, U/L | 19.00 (15.90, 23.70) | 18.85 (16.20, 22.70) | 0.756 | 20.60 (16.00, 23.30) | 17.90 (14.55, 21.80) | 0.145 |
| ALB, g/L | 46.40 (44.90, 48.40) | 45.70 (43.60, 47.01) | <0.001 | 45.90 (43.80, 48.45) | 43.95 (41.50, 46.40) | 0.002 |
| Cr, μmol/L | 70.00 (59.50, 81.50) | 72.00 (56.00, 85.00) | 0.626 | 77.50 (62.50, 89.00) | 81.00 (74.00, 92.50) | 0.098 |
| LDH, U/L | 169.00 (151.00, 189.00) | 171.00 (153.00, 188.00) | 0.779 | 169.00 (150.00, 182.00) | 171.50 (150.00, 189.50) | 0.908 |
| CK, U/L | 86.00 (65.00, 111.00) | 88.00 (64.00, 113.00) | 0.986 | 89.50 (75.00, 127.50) | 106.50 (79.50, 155.50) | 0.261 |
| CK-MB, U/L | 11.70 (9.90, 13.95) | 11.75 (9.60, 14.20) | 0.728 | 11.50 (10.10, 13.40) | 12.35 (10.10, 14.35) | 0.331 |
| D-dimer, μg/mL | 0.22 (0.22, 0.34) | 0.22 (0.22, 0.39) | 0.538 | 0.22 (0.22, 0.28) | 0.23 (0.22, 0.31) | 0.616 |
| IL-6, μg/mL | 3.61 (1.56, 7.43) | 5.50 (2.47, 11.18) | 0.001 | 2.57 (1.00, 4.62) | 3.87 (1.62, 7.78) | 0.066 |
ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CK, creatine kinase; CK-MB, creatine kinase-MB; Cr, serum creatinine; CRP, C-reactive protein; DVS, duration of viral shedding; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; IL-6, interleukin-6; NLR, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; WBC, white blood cell.
Data are presented as the median (IQR) or n (%). P values were calculated using Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test, the χ2 test, or Fisher’s exact test.