Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and perinatal risk factors.
| Variables | Methods of surfactant administration (n = 2,667) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Classical method (n = 2,181) | InSurE method (n = 295) | LISA method (n = 191) | ||
| Gestational weeks, mean ± SD | 27.41 ± 2.49 | 29.35 ± 1.57 | 28.78 ± 1.75 | <0.001* |
| Birth weight, g, mean ± SD | 962.53 ± 280.79 | 1,180.96 ± 209.18 | 1,106.31 ± 226.93 | <0.001* |
| Males, n (%) | 1,121 (51.4) | 128 (43.2) | 98 (51.3) | 0.035* |
| Maternal age, mean ± SD | 33.76 ± 4.45 | 34.39 ± 4.43 | 34.44 ± 4.10 | 0.014* |
| Maternal DM, n (%) | 270 (12.4) | 58 (19.7) | 20 (10.5) | 0.001* |
| Maternal hypertension, n (%) | 445 (20.4) | 80 (27.1) | 57 (29.8) | 0.001* |
| Multiple birth, n (%) | 832 (38.1) | 132 (44.7) | 90 (47.1) | 0.008* |
| Delivery type, cesarean, n (%) | 1,771 (81.2) | 253 (85.4) | 163 (85.3) | 0.094 |
| 1-minute Apgar score (min-max) | 4 (0–9) | 6 (1–9) | 6 (1–10) | <0.001* |
| 5-minute Apgar score (min-max) | 6 (0–10) | 8 (2–10) | 8 (4–10) | <0.001* |
| Need for oxygen at birth | 2,077 (96.6) | 240 (94.5) | 166 (94.3) | 0.093 |
| Positive pressure ventilation at birth, n (%) | 2,006 (93.3) | 186 (73.2) | 119 (67.6) | <0.001* |
| Chest compression at birth, n (%) | 107 (5.0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | <0.001* |
| Nasal CPAP at birth, n (%) | 491 (22.8) | 112 (44.1) | 103 (58.5) | <0.001* |
| Number of SRT administrations, mean ± SD | 1.44 ± 0.71 | 1.16 ± 0.42 | 1.37 ± 0.64 | <0.001* |
| Premature rupture of membrane, n (%) | 881 (40.4) | 96 (32.5) | 48 (25.1) | <0.001* |
| Outborn, n (%) | 51 (2.3) | 7 (2.4) | 2 (1.0) | 0.508 |
| Use of antenatal steroid, n (%) | 1,899 (87.1) | 276 (93.6) | 181 (94.8) | <0.001* |
| Chorioamnionitis, n (%) | 732 (33.6) | 53 (18.0) | 40 (20.9) | <0.001* |
| Use of antenatal antibiotics, n (%) | 1,441 (66.1) | 195 (66.1) | 87 (45.5) | <0.001* |
| Postnatal steroid use, n (%) | 795 (36.5) | 26 (8.8) | 37 (19.4) | <0.001* |
SD, standard deviation; InSurE, Intubation-Surfactant-Extubation; LISA, less invasive surfactant administration; DM, diabetes mellitus; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; SRT, surfactant replacement therapy.
*
p-value < 0.05.