Table 1.
Overall and Subgroup Analyses of Diet Pattern with Asthma/Wheeze of Children and Adolescents in the Cross-Sectional Studies
| Group | Number of Qualified Observations | Asthma | Wheeze | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI); P | I2 | Tau2 | OR (95% CI); P | I2 | Tau2 | ||
| Overall analyses | |||||||
| Unhealthy diet (unadjusted) | 20/19 | 1.28 (1.20–1.36); <0.001 | 50.4% | 0.006 | 0.99 (0.88–1.13); 0.916 | 81.4% | 0.050 |
| Unhealthy diet (adjusted) | 70/44 | 1.21 (1.15–1.28); <0.001 | 64.9% | 0.019 | 1.09 (1.03–1.16);.006 | 75.2% | 0.023 |
| Healthy diet (unadjusted) | 20/20 | 0.70 (0.58–0.85); <0.001 | 72.2% | 0.113 | 0.83 (0.72–0.96); 0.010 | 72.4% | 0.071 |
| Healthy diet (adjusted) | 85/60 | 0.85 (0.80–0.89); <0.001 | 69.8% | 0.026 | 0.85 (0.81–0.89); <0.001 | 66.8% | 0.015 |
| Subgroup analyses based on adjusted healthy diet | |||||||
| By region | |||||||
| Europe | 44/25 | 0.83 (0.77–0.89); <0.001 | 62.3% | 0.025 | 0.79 (0.74–0.84); <0.001 | 25.0% | 0.005 |
| Oceania | 2/2 | 0.40 (0.21–0.77); 0.006 | 8.2% | 0.020 | 0.72 (0.42–1.22); 0.216 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| Asian | 19/13 | 0.98 (0.91–1.06);.626 | 71.4% | 0.012 | 0.92 (0.87–0.97); 0.003 | 73.3% | 0.006 |
| South America | 14/16 | 0.75 (0.62–0.90);.002 | 68.4% | 0.075 | 0.87 (0.75–1.01); 0.069 | 72.6% | 0.069 |
| North America | 5/3 | 0.63 (0.47–0.83);.001 | 31.6% | 0.032 | 0.71 (0.59–0.84); <0.001 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| By age | |||||||
| Preschool-age children | */2 | *;.* | * | * | 0.79 (0.69–0.89); <0.001 | 67.5% | 0.016 |
| School-age children | 63/57 | 0.84 (0.79–0.89); <0.001 | 70.2% | 0.023 | 0.85 (0.81–0.89); <0.001 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| Teenagers | 12/* | 0.91 (0.78–1.05); 0.198 | 69.3% | 0.039 | *; * | * | * |
| Z-test | School-age VS Teenagers | P=0.163 | Preschool-age VS School-age | P=0.146 | |||
| By gender | |||||||
| Boys | 3/1 | 0.97 (0.91–1.05); 0.475 | 0.0% | 0.000 | 0.74 (0.62–0.89); 0.001 | * | 0.000 |
| Girls | 3/1 | 1.01 (0.82–1.25); 0.916 | 56.0% | 0.199 | 0.70 (0.56–0.88); 0.003 | * | 0.000 |
| By diet frequency | |||||||
| Low | 11/9 | 0.81 (0.70–0.94); 0.007 | 71.3% | 0.033 | 0.85 (0.72–1.01); 0.068 | 74.3% | 0.049 |
| High | 33/26 | 0.80 (0.71–0.89); <0.001 | 73.4% | 0.062 | 0.78 (0.72–0.85); <0.001 | 47.6% | 0.020 |
| Z-test | Low VS High | P=0.448 | Low VS High | P=0.186 | |||
| By type of food | |||||||
| Fruit | 21/21 | 0.86 (0.78–0.95); 0.003 | 58.4% | 0.023 | 0.80 (0.76–0.84); <0.001 | 32.3% | 0.004 |
| Vegetables | 19/13 | 0.91 (0.81–1.02); 0.110 | 68.9% | 0.032 | 0.93 (0.85–1.01); 0.096 | 53.9% | 0.010 |
| Dairy products | 24/15 | 0.90 (0.81–1.01); 0.065 | 79.4% | 0.044 | 0.94 (0.87–1.01); 0.104 | 60.6% | 0.011 |
| Sea food | 16/13 | 0.76 (0.65–0.89); 0.001 | 77.1% | 0.048 | 0.88 (0.78–0.98); 0.019 | 68.1% | 0.019 |
| Cereals | 6/4 | 0.63 (0.40–1.00); 0.049 | 87.9% | 0.283 | 0.98 (0.90–1.06); 0.566 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| Nuts | 6/5 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06); 0.292 | 40.5% | 0.001 | 0.90 (0.83–0.98); 0.011 | 11.8% | 0.001 |
| Protein foods | 29/14 | 1.03 (0.93–1.13); 0.597 | 77.7% | 0.035 | 1.06 (0.96–1.17); 0.100 | 94.8% | 0.324 |
| Starchy foods | 8/13 | 0.85 (0.63–1.14); 0.285 | 73.4% | 0.123 | 0.86 (0.76–0.97); 0.015 | 79.1% | 0.032 |
| Mediterranean diet | 12/1 | 0.88 (0.79–0.97); 0.014 | 63.2% | 0.015 | 0.64 (0.47–0.87); 0.004 | * | 0.000 |
| Subgroup analyses based on adjusted unhealthy diet | |||||||
| By region | |||||||
| Europe | 31/10 | 1.09 (0.95–1.26); 0.207 | 59.9% | 0.072 | 1.20 (0.96–1.50); 0.100 | 52.3% | 0.061 |
| Oceania | 2/2 | 1.26 (0.97–1.63); 0.082 | 0.0% | 0.000 | 1.51 (1.18–1.94); 0.001 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| Asian | 12/8 | 1.51 (1.22–1.88); <0.001 | 83.5% | 0.093 | 0.99 (0.93–1.05); 0.699 | 45.7% | 0.003 |
| South America | 11/14 | 1.18 (1.08–1.28); <0.001 | 65.9% | 0.006 | 1.00 (0.89–1.14); 0.961 | 77.2% | 0.034 |
| North America | 7/3 | 1.49 (1.26–1.76); <0.001 | 23.6% | 0.012 | 1.52 (0.95–2.44); 0.081 | 64.9% | 0.110 |
| Africa | 2/2 | 1.19 (0.92–1.54); 0.199 | 40.6% | 0.014 | 1.32 (0.91–1.92); 0.150 | 80.8% | 0.060 |
| International | 5/5 | 1.17 (1.09–1.26); <0.001 | 11.1% | 0.001 | 1.08 (1.00–1.17); 0.051 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| By age | |||||||
| School-age children | 43/36 | 1.22 (1.09–1.36); <0.001 | 66.6% | 0.063 | 1.07 (0.99–1.15); 0.073 | 66.0% | 0.023 |
| Teenagers | 14/* | 1.21 (1.13–1.29); 0.001 | 60.6% | 0.023 | *; * | * | * |
| Z-test | School-age VS Teenagers | P=0.450 | * | * | |||
| By gender | |||||||
| Boys | 1/* | 2.06 (1.29–3.30); 0.003 | * | 0.000 | *; * | * | * |
| Girls | 1/* | 1.32 (0.78–2.23); 0.300 | * | 0.000 | *; * | * | * |
| By diet frequency | |||||||
| Low | 12/8 | 1.10 (0.92–1.31); 0.322 | 67.2% | 0.071 | 1.00 (0.85–1.17); 0.979 | 55.6% | 0.027 |
| High | 32/19 | 1.26 (1.17–1.36); <0.001 | 64.9% | 0.014 | 1.21 (1.09–1.35); <0.001 | 70.1% | 0.027 |
| Z-test | Low VS High | P=0.08 | Low VS High | P=0.03 | |||
| By type of food | |||||||
| Fast food | 26/11 | 1.38 (1.26–1.50); <0.001 | 66.4% | 0.018 | 1.33 (1.18–1.49); <0.001 | 71.2% | 0.020 |
| Margarine | 8/5 | 1.23 (1.13–1.35); <0.001 | 0.0% | 0.000 | 1.01 (0.87–1.17); 0.930 | 48.4% | 0.013 |
Note: *Data are not available.
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.