Table 2.
Overall and Subgroup Analyses of Diet Pattern with Asthma/Wheeze of Children and Adolescents in the Cohort Studies
| Group | Number of Qualified Observations | Asthma | Wheeze | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI); P | I2 | Tau2 | RR (95% CI); P | I2 | Tau2 | ||
| Overall analyses | |||||||
| Unhealthy diet (adjusted) | 7/7 | 1.00 (0.93–1.08); 0.971 | 7.6% | 0.001 | 1.03 (0.96–1.12);.385 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| Healthy diet (adjusted) | 6/11 | 0.91 (0.76–1.09); 0.302 | 75.8% | 0.030 | 0.72 (0.58–0.90); 0.003 | 83.5% | 0.105 |
| Subgroup analyses based on adjusted healthy diet | |||||||
| By region | |||||||
| Europe | 3/7 | 0.68 (0.54–0.87); 0.002 | 0.0% | 0.000 | 0.58 (0.50–0.67); <0.001 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| Oceania | 3/4 | 1.05 (0.88–1.25); 0.626 | 80.3% | 0.019 | 1.04 (0.83–1.30); 0.752 | 75.9% | 0.037 |
| By age | |||||||
| Preschool-age children | 4/4 | 1.02 (0.87–1.19); 0.842 | 72.3% | 0.017 | 1.01 (0.79–1.30); 0.944 | 81.7% | 0.050 |
| School-age children | 2/6 | 0.60 (0.44–0.81); 0.001 | 0.0% | 0.000 | 0.58 (0.49–0.68); <0.001 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| Z-test | Preschool-age VS School-age | P=0.001 | Preschool-age VS School-age | P<0.001 | |||
| By gender | |||||||
| Boys | */1 | *; * | * | * | 0.54 (0.36–0.84); 0.004 | * | 0.000 |
| Girls | */1 | *; * | * | * | 0.53 (0.30–0.92); 0.025 | * | 0.000 |
| By diet frequency | |||||||
| Low | */1 | *; * | * | * | 0.48 (0.31–0.73); 0.068 | * | 0.000 |
| Moderate | */1 | *; * | * | * | 0.61 (0.42–0.89); <0.001 | * | 0.000 |
| High | */3 | *; * | * | * | 0.54 (0.41–0.70); <0.001 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| By type of food | |||||||
| Sea food | 4/4 | 0.80 (0.55–1.18); 0.260 | 77.6% | 0.115 | 0.77 (0.53–1.11); 0.162 | 80.8% | 0.118 |
| Fruit | 1/6 | 0.90 (0.82–0.99); 0.028 | * | 0.000 | 0.61 (0.45–0.84); 0.003 | 79.9% | 0.119 |
| Vegetables | 1/1 | 1.10 (0.98–1.24); 0.112 | * | 0.000 | 1.22 (1.04–1.43); 0.017 | * | 0.000 |
| Starchy foods | 2/2 | 0.79 (0.51–1.23); 0.302 | 74.9% | 0.079 | 0.93 (0.81–1.07); 0.300 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| Dairy products | 3/3 | 0.97 (0.88–1.08); 0.605 | 0.0% | 0.000 | 0.91 (0.66–1.27); 0.585 | 81.4% | 0.064 |
| Subgroup analyses based on adjusted unhealthy diet | |||||||
| By region | |||||||
| Europe | 5/5 | 0.97 (0.67–1.41); 0.876 | 36.5% | 0.066 | 1.09 (0.89–1.34); 0.418 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| Oceania | 2/2 | 1.00 (0.94–1.07); 0.935 | 0.0% | 0.000 | 1.03 (0.95–1.11); 0.539 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| By age | |||||||
| Preschool-age children | 4/4 | 1.00 (0.94–1.06); 0.934 | 0.0% | 0.000 | 1.02 (0.95–1.11); 551 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| School-age children | 3/3 | 1.14 (0.61–2.14); 0.676 | 58.7% | 0.181 | 1.28 (0.90–1.82); 0.177 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| By diet frequency | |||||||
| High | 5/5 | 0.97 (0.67–1.41); 0.876 | 36.5% | 0.066 | 1.09 (0.89–1.34); 0.418 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| By type of food | |||||||
| Margarine | 2/2 | 1.00 (0.93–1.09); 0.919 | 0.0% | 0.000 | 1.00 (0.91–1.11); 0.931 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
| Butter | 2/2 | 0.99 (0.89–1.10); 0.785 | 0.0% | 0.000 | 1.06 (0.93–1.19); 0.397 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
Note: *Data are not available.
Abbreviations: RR, risk ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.