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. 2023 Sep 30;21:355. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02129-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Preparation and characterization of BT-EXOs-CAP. (A) Preparation flow chart of bone targeting NPs. (B) Representative images of BMSCs. (C) Representative TEM images of EXOs, BT-EXOs, and BT-EXO-CAP. (D) Size distribution of EXO, BT-EXO, and BT-EXO-CAP. (E) WB analysis of EXO markers CD63/9/81, TSG101, endoplasmic reticulum marker, and Calnexin on BMSCs, EXO, BT-EXO, and BT-EXO-CAP. (F) Particle size by NP tracking analysis for EXO, BT-EXO, and BT-EXO-CAP during storage at -20℃. (G) The drug release profile of BT-EXO-CAP in PBS with pH 4.5 and 7.4. Scale bar: B 200 μm, C 100 nm