Table 2.
Median Intramural Costs for Each Cost Category According to Baseline Characteristics
| Patient characteristics | Cost category |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total costs |
Pre-hospital |
Intracranial |
Extracranial |
Hospitalization |
ICU (days) |
Ward (days) |
Laboratory |
Imaging |
Blood products |
Rehabilitation |
Rehabiliation (days) |
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| Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Mean | SD | ||||||||||
| Total | 9500 | 2000 | 41,300 | 700 | 600 | 1200 | 0 | 0 | 4300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4600 | 900 | 23,500 | 5.1 | 10.3 | 6.3 | 13.0 | 300 | 100 | 900 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.5 | 34.8 |
| Sex | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 11,600 | 2500 | 48,600 | 700 | 600 | 1500 | 0 | 0 | 4400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6100 | 1000 | 27,400 | 5.9 | 11.3 | 6.8 | 13.7 | 300 | 100 | 1000 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14.6 | 37.3 |
| Female | 5900 | 1600 | 27,700 | 700 | 600 | 900 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3100 | 300 | 14,400 | 3.5 | 7.6 | 5.4 | 11.5 | 200 | 0 | 700 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.1 | 29.0 |
| Age | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 16-25 years | 7400 | 1800 | 42,700 | 700 | 600 | 3000 | 0 | 0 | 4300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3700 | 900 | 24,600 | 5.6 | 10.4 | 5.7 | 12.7 | 200 | 100 | 900 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14.5 | 38.0 |
| 26-40 years | 8900 | 1800 | 46,100 | 700 | 600 | 1200 | 0 | 0 | 4400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4500 | 900 | 27,300 | 6.0 | 13.2 | 6.3 | 12.7 | 300 | 100 | 1000 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14.2 | 35.8 |
| 41-64 years | 10,400 | 2100 | 44,300 | 700 | 600 | 1300 | 0 | 0 | 4300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5500 | 900 | 25,400 | 5.2 | 10.0 | 6.6 | 13.2 | 300 | 100 | 1000 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.8 | 36.8 |
| ≥65 years | 10,000 | 2400 | 34,600 | 700 | 600 | 900 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4900 | 900 | 18,600 | 4.1 | 8.4 | 6.4 | 13.2 | 300 | 100 | 800 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.9 | 28.8 |
| Medical history | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Healthy patient | 8300 | 1800 | 40,700 | 700 | 600 | 1200 | 0 | 0 | 4300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4300 | 900 | 23,100 | 5.2 | 9.9 | 5.8 | 12.0 | 300 | 100 | 900 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.3 | 34.6 |
| Mild systemic disease | 10,300 | 2300 | 39,000 | 700 | 600 | 1200 | 0 | 0 | 3800 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5200 | 900 | 24,000 | 5.0 | 11.0 | 6.7 | 12.7 | 300 | 100 | 900 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 900 | 13.8 | 36.0 |
| Severe systemic disease | 12,100 | 2200 | 47,700 | 700 | 700 | 1200 | 0 | 0 | 4700 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5400 | 900 | 27,200 | 5.1 | 10.3 | 7.7 | 17.9 | 300 | 100 | 1100 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 3700 | 13.4 | 32.1 |
| Cause of injury | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Road traffic accident | 14,800 | 3100 | 57,900 | 700 | 700 | 3000 | 0 | 0 | 4400 | 0 | 0 | 2000 | 7900 | 1200 | 32,500 | 6.3 | 10.8 | 6.8 | 12.8 | 400 | 100 | 1100 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 7100 | 16.8 | 38.4 |
| Fall | 7100 | 1800 | 30,800 | 700 | 600 | 900 | 0 | 0 | 3000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3700 | 900 | 16,600 | 4.4 | 10.3 | 5.8 | 12.2 | 200 | 100 | 800 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.5 | 32.8 |
| Violence | 5000 | 1500 | 24,200 | 700 | 400 | 900 | 0 | 0 | 5300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2200 | 900 | 12,800 | 3.4 | 7.3 | 6.1 | 16.7 | 200 | 100 | 600 | 300 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.9 | 26.4 |
| Self-harm | 43,700 | 14,700 | 108,000 | 800 | 600 | 3300 | 0 | 0 | 8700 | 2200 | 0 | 10,100 | 31,000 | 5700 | 69,900 | 10.9 | 13.2 | 16.9 | 27.9 | 900 | 200 | 2900 | 300 | 200 | 500 | 700 | 0 | 2300 | 0 | 0 | 16,000 | 22.5 | 37.0 |
| Other | 6600 | 1800 | 33,600 | 700 | 600 | 1200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3600 | 900 | 18800 | 4.3 | 8.8 | 5.8 | 11.9 | 200 | 100 | 700 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.1 | 32.0 |
| TBI severity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mild | 3800 | 1400 | 14,100 | 700 | 600 | 900 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1700 | 300 | 7400 | 1.8 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 9.5 | 100 | 0 | 400 | 200 | 100 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.8 | 21.5 |
| Moderate | 37,800 | 14,900 | 74,200 | 800 | 700 | 3300 | 4200 | 0 | 8500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20,600 | 8000 | 47,500 | 8.9 | 10.9 | 10.1 | 13.5 | 800 | 400 | 1600 | 400 | 200 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 13,700 | 22.1 | 41.0 |
| Severe | 60,400 | 24,400 | 112,700 | 900 | 700 | 3700 | 4800 | 0 | 10,500 | 0 | 0 | 2200 | 37,200 | 13,900 | 70,400 | 13.5 | 14.7 | 10.3 | 19.2 | 1100 | 400 | 2000 | 400 | 200 | 600 | 0 | 0 | 900 | 0 | 0 | 23,700 | 32.6 | 51.7 |
| Brain AIS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Minor | 1400 | 900 | 3300 | 700 | 300 | 900 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 300 | 300 | 1400 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 4.6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.4 | 9.8 |
| Moderate | 1800 | 1100 | 4800 | 700 | 600 | 800 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 700 | 300 | 2000 | 0.7 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 11.7 | 100 | 0 | 200 | 200 | 100 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.9 | 14.6 |
| Serious | 4700 | 2100 | 11,600 | 700 | 600 | 900 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2200 | 900 | 5600 | 1.0 | 3.8 | 5.5 | 9.2 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 200 | 100 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.1 | 21.9 |
| Severe | 26,900 | 13,500 | 53,800 | 800 | 700 | 3000 | 0 | 0 | 4800 | 0 | 0 | 1600 | 15,100 | 8200 | 33,000 | 7.2 | 9.6 | 8.9 | 13.1 | 600 | 300 | 1200 | 300 | 200 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 10,000 | 18.1 | 37.6 |
| Critical | 70,700 | 35,100 | 119,800 | 900 | 700 | 3700 | 6800 | 3800 | 12,300 | 0 | 0 | 1900 | 42,300 | 20,200 | 75,700 | 14.8 | 14.5 | 11.2 | 19.1 | 1200 | 600 | 2200 | 500 | 300 | 700 | 100 | 0 | 900 | 5200 | 0 | 25,900 | 34.9 | 52.0 |
| Unsurvivable | 7200 | 4200 | 15,700 | 700 | 700 | 3400 | 0 | 0 | 4200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3300 | 2900 | 5500 | 3.4 | 11.4 | 0.8 | 3.5 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 900 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 3.6 |
| ISS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Minor (≤16) | 2400 | 1100 | 7100 | 700 | 600 | 900 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1000 | 300 | 3700 | 0.8 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 8.5 | 100 | 0 | 300 | 200 | 100 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.1 | 18.8 |
| Major (17-25) | 19,000 | 7000 | 54,700 | 800 | 700 | 2700 | 0 | 0 | 6500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10,500 | 3500 | 31,000 | 6.4 | 12.6 | 7.9 | 12.6 | 500 | 200 | 1100 | 300 | 100 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8300 | 16.9 | 38.0 |
| Critically injured (>25) | 51,800 | 20,300 | 99,300 | 900 | 700 | 3700 | 3800 | 0 | 8700 | 0 | 0 | 4200 | 30,100 | 10,500 | 61,000 | 11.5 | 12.6 | 10.5 | 17.6 | 1000 | 400 | 1900 | 400 | 200 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 900 | 0 | 0 | 18,700 | 27.2 | 46.7 |
| Baseline pupillary reaction | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Both reacting | 7800 | 1800 | 34,400 | 700 | 600 | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4200 | 900 | 19,300 | 4.4 | 9.5 | 6.2 | 12.8 | 300 | 100 | 800 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12.4 | 33.4 |
| One reacting | 51,600 | 15,000 | 102,700 | 900 | 700 | 3700 | 5300 | 0 | 10,400 | 0 | 0 | 1800 | 28,800 | 6200 | 58,600 | 11.0 | 12.1 | 9.1 | 14.7 | 900 | 300 | 1900 | 400 | 200 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 900 | 0 | 0 | 22,600 | 30.0 | 49.8 |
| Non-reacting | 31,500 | 8100 | 87,800 | 900 | 700 | 3700 | 4800 | 0 | 9600 | 0 | 0 | 1600 | 18,300 | 3300 | 54,900 | 10.6 | 15.2 | 6.3 | 14.5 | 400 | 100 | 1500 | 300 | 100 | 500 | 200 | 0 | 1400 | 0 | 0 | 7500 | 18.0 | 39.9 |
| CT abnormalities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Any CT abnormality | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Absent | 2400 | 1100 | 10,000 | 700 | 600 | 900 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 900 | 300 | 4500 | 2.3 | 9.1 | 3.7 | 11.0 | 100 | 0 | 300 | 100 | 100 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.7 | 26.1 |
| Present | 23,300 | 7200 | 66,600 | 800 | 700 | 3100 | 0 | 0 | 5600 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12,800 | 3700 | 39,600 | 7.4 | 10.7 | 8.5 | 14.1 | 600 | 200 | 1300 | 300 | 200 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 10,300 | 19.1 | 39.7 |
| Cisternal compression | 47,500 | 15,900 | 106,100 | 900 | 700 | 3300 | 6800 | 3300 | 12,300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27,000 | 7200 | 63,300 | 11.4 | 12.2 | 9.3 | 16.2 | 800 | 300 | 1900 | 400 | 200 | 600 | 0 | 0 | 1200 | 0 | 0 | 18,700 | 28.2 | 51.6 |
| Midline shift | 42,100 | 14,900 | 93,700 | 900 | 700 | 3300 | 6800 | 3800 | 12,300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23,400 | 6500 | 54,900 | 10.0 | 11.4 | 9.1 | 15.3 | 800 | 300 | 1700 | 400 | 200 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 17,600 | 27.0 | 49.3 |
| Subarachnoid heamorrhage | 30,400 | 9900 | 74,000 | 800 | 700 | 3300 | 0 | 0 | 7700 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16,500 | 5100 | 46,300 | 8.4 | 11.0 | 9.3 | 15.5 | 700 | 300 | 1500 | 400 | 200 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 12,900 | 21.6 | 42.5 |
| Epidural hematoma | 27,800 | 10900 | 74,400 | 900 | 700 | 3000 | 4400 | 0 | 9300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16,000 | 5900 | 45,600 | 8.6 | 11.7 | 9.5 | 16.8 | 700 | 300 | 1500 | 400 | 300 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 9900 | 19.8 | 43.1 |
| Acute subdural hematoma | 31,400 | 9400 | 75,900 | 800 | 700 | 3100 | 3400 | 0 | 9200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17,000 | 4900 | 46,400 | 8.6 | 11.0 | 9.1 | 15.5 | 700 | 300 | 1500 | 400 | 200 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 13,200 | 21.8 | 42.8 |
| Diffuse axonal injury | 42,300 | 10,800 | 96,400 | 900 | 700 | 3700 | 0 | 0 | 7000 | 0 | 0 | 2200 | 24,200 | 5400 | 57,500 | 10.2 | 12.2 | 9.1 | 17.0 | 800 | 300 | 1700 | 400 | 200 | 600 | 0 | 0 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 17,500 | 26.7 | 46.8 |
| Contusion | 33,300 | 11,400 | 86,500 | 800 | 700 | 3300 | 3500 | 0 | 8700 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20,100 | 6400 | 51,800 | 9.5 | 11.7 | 9.4 | 15.7 | 800 | 300 | 1600 | 400 | 300 | 600 | 0 | 0 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 13,800 | 23.0 | 43.7 |
| In-hospital mortality | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 8500 | 1800 | 42,000 | 700 | 600 | 1200 | 0 | 0 | 3500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4500 | 900 | 23,500 | 5.1 | 10.4 | 6.8 | 13.4 | 300 | 100 | 900 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1800 | 14.6 | 36.0 |
| Yes | 18,900 | 7200 | 38,300 | 700 | 700 | 3400 | 4200 | 0 | 8700 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8000 | 3300 | 24,300 | 5.9 | 9.2 | 0.6 | 3.1 | 200 | 100 | 600 | 300 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 1200 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| GOSE-6 months disability | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 23,700 | 7900 | 52,200 | 700 | 700 | 3300 | 3800 | 0 | 8700 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11,900 | 3300 | 34,900 | 7.5 | 14.2 | 4.3 | 11.7 | 300 | 100 | 1000 | 300 | 100 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 800 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.1 | 18.1 |
| 2-3 | 94,300 | 41,200 | 155,800 | 900 | 700 | 3500 | 5200 | 0 | 12,300 | 0 | 0 | 2500 | 52,700 | 21,600 | 88,600 | 16.3 | 14.3 | 17.8 | 27.5 | 1700 | 800 | 3000 | 400 | 200 | 700 | 0 | 0 | 1100 | 16,300 | 0 | 46,000 | 61.3 | 70.8 |
| 4 | 45,100 | 12,400 | 110,700 | 900 | 700 | 3400 | 0 | 0 | 7000 | 0 | 0 | 3000 | 28,800 | 7200 | 63,500 | 10.7 | 12.1 | 12.3 | 18.2 | 1000 | 400 | 2000 | 400 | 200 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 600 | 0 | 0 | 22,900 | 28.8 | 44.9 |
| 5 | 36,000 | 10,400 | 75,500 | 800 | 700 | 3400 | 0 | 0 | 6800 | 0 | 0 | 1800 | 18,300 | 5200 | 42,600 | 8.2 | 12.3 | 9.4 | 11.1 | 800 | 300 | 1500 | 300 | 200 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 17,500 | 23.2 | 35.6 |
| 6 | 17,100 | 4900 | 49,900 | 700 | 700 | 3000 | 0 | 0 | 4100 | 0 | 0 | 1900 | 8700 | 2200 | 28,100 | 5.4 | 9.0 | 7.2 | 9.6 | 400 | 200 | 1100 | 300 | 100 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9400 | 15.9 | 30.8 |
| 7 | 5400 | 1800 | 18,900 | 700 | 600 | 900 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2900 | 900 | 11,300 | 2.4 | 5.9 | 4.7 | 6.7 | 200 | 100 | 600 | 200 | 100 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.3 | 18.5 |
| 8 | 2600 | 1200 | 8700 | 700 | 600 | 900 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1200 | 300 | 4800 | 1.4 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 8.1 | 100 | 0 | 300 | 200 | 100 | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.3 | 15.8 |
ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; TBI, traumatic brain injury; AIS, Abbreviated Injury Score; ISS, Injury Severity Score; CT, computed tomography; GOSE, Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended