Table 3.
Median Intramural Costs of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) According to Trauma Severity
| Patient characteristics | TBI severity |
|
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild |
Moderate |
Severe |
Total |
||||||||||||||
| Median (€) | IQR | Median (€) | IQR | Median (€) | IQR | Median (€) | IQR | p value | |||||||||
| Total | 3800 | 1400 | - | 14,100 | 37,800 | 14,900 | - | 74,200 | 60,400 | 24,400 | - | 112,400 | 9500 | 2000 | - | 41,300 | <0.001 |
| Sex | |||||||||||||||||
| Male | 4400 | 1800 | - | 15,400 | 40,800 | 15,100 | - | 78,800 | 64,100 | 27,800 | - | 115,000 | 11,600 | 2500 | - | 48,600 | <0.001 |
| Female | 2900 | 1200 | - | 11,300 | 33,200 | 14,900 | - | 70,100 | 52,100 | 19,200 | - | 103,100 | 5900 | 1600 | - | 27,600 | <0.001 |
| Age | |||||||||||||||||
| 16-25 years | 2900 | 1400 | - | 8500 | 31,900 | 8700 | - | 81,000 | 71,500 | 26,600 | - | 121,300 | 7400 | 1800 | - | 42,700 | <0.001 |
| 26-40 years | 2500 | 1100 | - | 10,500 | 41,200 | 14,900 | - | 86,300 | 74,700 | 35,100 | - | 121,000 | 8900 | 1800 | - | 46,100 | <0.001 |
| 41-64 years | 4000 | 1500 | - | 14,000 | 44,500 | 20,800 | - | 75,100 | 64,700 | 31,300 | - | 114,300 | 10,400 | 2200 | - | 44,300 | <0.001 |
| ≥65 years | 5400 | 1800 | - | 20,100 | 32,900 | 14,700 | - | 60,700 | 34,500 | 10,500 | - | 72,900 | 10,000 | 2400 | - | 34,600 | <0.001 |
| Medical history | |||||||||||||||||
| Healthy patient | 3400 | 1400 | - | 11,300 | 37,800 | 14,500 | - | 78,100 | 65,700 | 28,100 | - | 114,100 | 8300 | 1800 | - | 40,700 | <0.001 |
| Mild systemic disease | 4400 | 1500 | - | 16,800 | 34,700 | 18,800 | - | 66,600 | 57,200 | 19,800 | - | 112,900 | 10,300 | 2300 | - | 39,000 | <0.001 |
| Severe systemic disease | 4900 | 1400 | - | 21,900 | 44,200 | 10,900 | - | 84,000 | 52,500 | 18,300 | - | 91,600 | 12,100 | 2200 | - | 47,500 | <0.001 |
| Cause of injury | |||||||||||||||||
| Road traffic accident | 4700 | 1800 | - | 15,900 | 44,000 | 21,100 | - | 73,100 | 69,900 | 31,600 | - | 113,800 | 14,800 | 3100 | - | 57,900 | <0.001 |
| Fall | 3400 | 1400 | - | 13,800 | 30,600 | 12,400 | - | 74,300 | 50,100 | 18,400 | - | 103,600 | 7100 | 1800 | - | 30,800 | <0.001 |
| Violence | 2500 | 1100 | - | 9500 | 30,400 | 14,900 | - | 61,400 | 77,300 | 42,100 | - | 138,700 | 5000 | 1500 | - | 24,200 | <0.001 |
| Self-harm | 19,400 | 7000 | - | 43,700 | 97,100 | 47,800 | - | 169,000 | 52,100 | 17,000 | - | 110,200 | 43,700 | 15,000 | - | 107,000 | 0.037 |
| Other | 3100 | 1100 | - | 10,500 | 24,600 | 9000 | - | 55,800 | 59,800 | 26,800 | - | 110,300 | 6600 | 1800 | - | 32,900 | <0.001 |
| Brain AIS | |||||||||||||||||
| Minor | 1400 | 900 | - | 3200 | 10,000 | 3300 | - | 16,600 | 12,600 | 3200 | - | 30,900 | 1400 | 900 | - | 3300 | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 1800 | 1100 | - | 4400 | 4500 | 2000 | - | 8300 | 28,900 | 5500 | - | 79,200 | 1800 | 1100 | - | 4800 | <0.001 |
| Serious | 4300 | 2100 | - | 10,600 | 9600 | 4100 | - | 30,100 | 15,900 | 6400 | - | 58,600 | 4700 | 2100 | - | 11,600 | <0.001 |
| Severe | 18,700 | 10,800 | - | 36,100 | 34,700 | 17,400 | - | 60,500 | 48,600 | 24,000 | - | 89,200 | 26,900 | 13,600 | - | 53,600 | <0.001 |
| Critical | 58,800 | 28,600 | - | 96,700 | 57,500 | 29,100 | - | 107,300 | 76,200 | 39,600 | - | 125,900 | 70,700 | 35,100 | - | 119,700 | <0.001 |
| Unsurvivable | 20,400 | 7700 | - | 30,500 | 4200 | 2900 | - | 5700 | 7200 | 4200 | - | 15,000 | 7200 | 4200 | - | 15,500 | 0.080 |
| ISS | |||||||||||||||||
| Minor (≤16) | 2000 | 1100 | - | 5600 | 13,900 | 7400 | - | 30,800 | 24,600 | 6900 | - | 49800 | 2400 | 1100 | - | 7100 | <0.001 |
| Major (17-25) | 10,100 | 4000 | - | 22,700 | 41,900 | 25,200 | - | 77,400 | 58,600 | 24,300 | - | 114,200 | 19,000 | 7000 | - | 54,700 | <0.001 |
| Critically injured (>25) | 29,100 | 13400 | - | 63,400 | 54,000 | 27,200 | - | 90,600 | 66,900 | 28,400 | - | 114,400 | 51,800 | 20,300 | - | 99,200 | <0.001 |
| Baseline pupillary reaction | |||||||||||||||||
| Both reacting | 3800 | 1400 | - | 13,800 | 35,200 | 14,900 | - | 72,000 | 64,600 | 31,200 | - | 113,900 | 7800 | 1800 | - | 34,400 | <0.001 |
| One reacting | 8300 | 2600 | - | 29,300 | 59,800 | 36,600 | - | 79,700 | 69,900 | 35,400 | - | 131,600 | 51,600 | 15,100 | - | 102,600 | <0.001 |
| Non-reacting | 5700 | 1000 | - | 35,700 | 45,100 | 9600 | - | 84,100 | 36,500 | 10,900 | - | 89,100 | 31,500 | 8300 | - | 87,400 | <0.001 |
| CT abnormalities | |||||||||||||||||
| Any CT abnormality | |||||||||||||||||
| Absent | 1800 | 1100 | - | 5100 | 27,200 | 7700 | - | 57,000 | 47,000 | 17,000 | - | 106,900 | 2400 | 1100 | - | 10,000 | <0.001 |
| Present | 10,400 | 3900 | - | 26,100 | 42,000 | 17,100 | - | 78,000 | 63,200 | 27,600 | - | 113,400 | 23,300 | 7200 | - | 66,600 | <0.001 |
| Cisternal compression | 31,100 | 13300 | - | 72,500 | 43,100 | 15,400 | - | 86,800 | 57,400 | 20,100 | - | 119,100 | 47,500 | 16,000 | - | 106,100 | <0.001 |
| Midline shift | 30,200 | 11900 | - | 68,200 | 39,400 | 14,700 | - | 72,100 | 52,100 | 19,900 | - | 110,500 | 42,100 | 15,000 | - | 93,600 | 0.003 |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 13,500 | 5000 | - | 32,800 | 42,000 | 19,100 | - | 84,400 | 64,500 | 28,400 | - | 113.900 | 30,400 | 9900 | - | 74,000 | <0.001 |
| Epidural hematoma | 14,200 | 6500 | - | 31,700 | 37,100 | 15,800 | - | 64,100 | 73,300 | 33,300 | - | 125,200 | 27,800 | 10,900 | - | 74,400 | <0.001 |
| Acute subdural hematoma | 12,400 | 5100 | - | 34,400 | 45,100 | 19,200 | - | 88,500 | 60,200 | 24,100 | - | 115.500 | 31,400 | 9400 | - | 75,900 | <0.001 |
| Diffuse axonal injury | 9700 | 3600 | - | 21,800 | 48,800 | 27,200 | - | 93,800 | 82,600 | 48,000 | - | 119.000 | 42,300 | 11,000 | - | 96,300 | <0.001 |
| Contusion | 14,400 | 5900 | - | 34,200 | 45,200 | 21,000 | - | 86,800 | 70,700 | 32,400 | - | 123,600 | 33,300 | 11,400 | - | 86,500 | <0.001 |
| Inhospital mortality | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 3800 | 1400 | - | 13,800 | 42,000 | 16,700 | - | 78,600 | 75,800 | 38,700 | - | 126,700 | 8500 | 1800 | - | 42,000 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 14,300 | 1600 | - | 34,500 | 22,800 | 7800 | - | 32,400 | 19,400 | 8200 | - | 40,800 | 18,900 | 7200 | - | 37,900 | 0.069 |
| GOSE-6 months disability | |||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 13,600 | 2400 | - | 33,400 | 29,500 | 11,500 | - | 54,700 | 25,500 | 10,200 | - | 58,000 | 23,700 | 8000 | - | 52,200 | <0.001 |
| 2-3 | 38,000 | 11100 | - | 96,800 | 79,100 | 46,900 | - | 151,200 | 128,600 | 77,700 | - | 177,800 | 94,300 | 41,600 | - | 155,300 | <0.001 |
| 4 | 13,900 | 4000 | - | 38,400 | 56,600 | 32,200 | - | 114,300 | 110,500 | 69,000 | - | 142,300 | 45,100 | 12,400 | - | 110,600 | <0.001 |
| 5 | 12,900 | 4000 | - | 35,300 | 46,500 | 25,900 | - | 78,600 | 81,300 | 51,300 | - | 116,500 | 36,000 | 10,500 | - | 75,200 | <0.001 |
| 6 | 8600 | 3000 | - | 27,000 | 41,800 | 17,100 | - | 78,600 | 64,500 | 36,000 | - | 98,600 | 17,100 | 4900 | - | 49,700 | <0.001 |
| 7 | 3400 | 1800 | - | 11,100 | 24,000 | 13,500 | - | 58,800 | 38,700 | 21,600 | - | 78,800 | 5400 | 1800 | - | 18,900 | <0.001 |
| 8 | 2200 | 1100 | - | 6000 | 26,300 | 9400 | - | 46,000 | 32,700 | 11,600 | - | 71,200 | 2600 | 1200 | - | 8700 | <0.001 |
The p value assesses the null hypothesis of no differences among the mild, moderate, and severe subgroups.
IQR, interquartile range; AIS, Abbreviated Injury Score; ISS, Injury Severity Score; CT, computed tomography; GOSE, Glasgow Outcome Scale. Extended