Table 5.

Observational studies and meta-analyses of the effects of exercise in cancer survivors.

References	Population	Methods/Type of exercise	Results
Palomo A. et al.	4,015 patients with early BC	Patients’ activities were divided into quartiles according to Met-h per week (<2.5 Met-h/w, 2.5–8.625 Met-h/w, 8.625–18 Mets, >18 Met-h/w)	Exercise training of about 18 Met-h/w lowered the risk of CV events and coronary death during a median follow-up of 12.7 years
Okwuosa
OkwuosaTM et al. (observational study) (64, 134)
Williamson T. et al. (observational cohort study) (135)	442 patients with CVD and preexisting cancer of any type	12-week exercise- based CORE program	Patients who were able to complete the CORE program and achieved at least a 1.5-Met improvement in CRF had a significantly better overall survival
Jones LW et al. (prospective study) (136)	2,974 patients with early BC	Patient's recreational physical activities	Adherence to exercise guidelines (>9 Met-h/w) was associated with a 23% reduction in cardiovascular risk
Lahart IM. et al. (meta-analysis) (137)	22 prospective cohort studies (123, 574 patients)	Patient's recreational physical activities	Patients who reported high lifetime recreational pre-diagnosis physical activity levels (>8 Met-h/w) had a significantly lower risk of all- cause and BC-related death
Foulkes JS. Et al. (randomized study) (138)	104 women with early BC	Randomized to 3–4 days/week of aerobic and resistance exercise training for 12 months or usual care	Clinically meaningful benefits in VO2 peak and cardiac reserve after 12 months of exercise training but it did not attenuate functional disability
ONCORE study ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03964142 (139)	Ongoing BC patients	CORE program, with measurements of echo parameters, biomarkers and VO2 peak

This is not an exhaustive list.

BC, breast cancer; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CORE, cardio-oncology rehabilitation; CRF, cardiorespiratory fitness; VO2, maximal oxygen uptake.