Table 1.

Sources and chemical composition of natural waxes

Wax	Source	Melting range	Critical concentration (w/w)	Composition	Content (%)	References
Rice bran wax (RBW)	Rice bran	78–79 °C	1%	Wax esters	73.4–93.5	Dassanayake et al. (2009; Wijarnprecha et al. (2018)
				Triacylglycerols	21.9
				Free fatty acids	6
				Free aliphatic alcohols	0.22–4.6
				Gum/resinous matter	0.1
Sunflower wax (SW)	Sunflower seeds	75–76 °C	1%	Wax ester	66–96.2	Kanya et al. (2007), Doan et al. (2017), Winkler-Moser et al. (2019)
				Free fatty acids	3.3–16
				Free fatty alcohols	0.3–10
				Hydrocarbons	0.2
Carnauba wax (CRW)	Leaves of Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H. E. Moore	79–84 °C	4%	Wax ester	38–40	Hwang et al. (2012), de Freitas et al. (2019)
				Diesters of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid	20–23
				Free fatty alcohols	3–12
				p-methoxycinnamic aliphatic diesters	5–7
				Lactides	3
				Hydrocarbons	2
Candelilla wax (CW)	Leaves of Euphorbia cerifera and Euphorbia antisyphilitica	67–73 °C	2%	Hydrocarbons	42–50	Kuznesof, (2005), Toro-Vazquez et al. (2007)
				Wax ester	20–39
				Free fatty acids	7–9
				Resins (mainly triterpenoid esters)	12–14
				Lactones	6