Table 1.

Top 10 causal proteins ranked by the marginal inclusion probability in the MR-BMA after model diagnostics

Proteins	Marginal inclusion probability	Model-averaged causal effect	Empirical P-value	FDR P-value
GPC1	0.993	− 0.349	0.001	0.013
NAMPT	0.433	0.113	0.005	0.022
NCF2	0.324	0.066	0.005	0.022
PDE4D	0.309	0.079	0.063	0.174
FSTL1	0.165	− 0.048	0.122	0.243
CBR1	0.157	0.049	0.131	0.243
TIE1	0.136	0.016	0.067	0.174
PTPN4	0.041	− 0.008	0.988	1.000
PAFAH1B2	0.031	− 0.005	0.997	1.000
SOCS3	0.028	− 0.003	0.948	1.000

Marginal inclusion probability for the protein, representing the probability of that protein being a causal determinant of MM risk. Model-averaged causal effect represents the average causal effect across models including that protein. Empirical P-values are computed using 1000 permutations and adjusted for multiple testing using false-discovery rate (FDR) procedure

CBR1 carbonyl reductase 1, FSTL1 follistatin-related protein 1, FDR false discovery rate, GPC1 glypican 1, NAMPT nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase, NCF2 neutrophil cytosol factor 2, PAFAH1B2 platelet-activating factor acetyl hydrolase IB subunit beta, PDE4D cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D, PTPN4 protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 4, SOCS3 suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, TIE1 tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 1, SNP single nucleotide polymorphism