Table 4.
Ranking of the biomarkers
| Plant material and manufacturer therapeutic claim | Bioactive Compound |
Evidence of Biological activity of bioactive compound | Level of evidence of biological activity related to traditional use of the material | Relative Concentration in plant or extract | Mean Concentration above (5 ppm) %ppm | Mean concentration above 50ppm Yes (1)/no (0) E |
Reference Standard available Yes (1)/no (0) F |
Analytical methods available? Yes (1)/no (0) |
Herb MaRS score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Score |
Yes-1 No-0 (A) |
1 symptom-1 2 symptoms-2 3 symptoms-3 (B) |
Yes (1) No (0) (C) |
Yes (1) No (0) (D) |
Yes (1) No (0) (E) |
Yes (1) No (0) (F) |
/8 (A + B + C + D + E + F) |
||
| Eucalyptus globulus leaf/oil | aromadendrine | 1 | 2 | 10–30% of essential oil [25] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| α-terpineol | 1 | 3 | 0.50% of essential oil [25] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | |
| Globulol | 1 | 1 | 10–11% of essential oil [25] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |
| 1,8-cineol | 1 | 3 | 97.32% of essential oil [120] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | |
| Aloe barbadensis whole leaf/gel | Aloin A and B | 1 | 3 | 0.1–0.6% of leaf, 10–30% of latex [121, 122] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Aloe emodin | 1 | 2 | 0.09–0.29 mg/g of whole leaf [123] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | |
| Acemannan | 1 | 2 | 109-135ppm of gel [103] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | |
| Mannose 6 phosphate | 1 | 1 | ND | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | |
| Albizia coriaria stem bark | Lupeol | 1 | 3 | 1–6 mg/g of stembark [106] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Lupenone | 1 | 1 | 19–200 ppm of stem bark [107] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |
| Betulinic acid | 1 | 3 | 1.2–10 mg/g of stem bark [106, 108] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | |
| Catechin | 1 | 3 | 0.2–12 mg/g of stem bark [109] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | |
| Mangifera indica leaves/stem bark | Mangiferin | 1 | 3 | 5–20 mg/g of leaves [110] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Catechin | 1 | 3 | 71.4 mg/g of stem bark [111] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | |
| Epicatechin | 1 | 1 | 8.07 mg/g of stem bark [111] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | |
| Gallic acid | 1 | 3 | 2.08 mg/g of stem bark [111] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | |
| Quercetin | 1 | 3 | 0.76 to 1.16 mg/g of leaves [124] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | |
| Azadirachta indica leaves/stem bark/seeds | Azadirachtin | 1 | 3 |
3.8 to 4.8 mg/g of seeds [125] 0.1-1 mg/g of leaves [126] |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Nimbin, | 1 | 3 | 0.018 to 0.64 mg/g of oil [115] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | |
| Nimbolide | 1 | 2 | 0.9–6.7 mg/g of leaf [116] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | |
| Mahmoodin | 1 | 2 | Not determined | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | |
| Zingiber officinalis rhizome | 12-gingerol | 1 | 2 | 0.01–0.02 mg/g of rhizome [119] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| 10-gingerol | 1 | 2 | 0.2–0.4 mg/g of rhizome [117] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | |
| 8-gingerol | 1 | 1 | 0.4–0.5 mg/g of rhizome [117] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |
| 6-gingerol | 1 | 3 | 1.1-2.0 mg/g of rhizome [117] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | |
| 6-shogaol | 1 | 3 | 0.01–0.02 mg/g of rhizome [119] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | |
| Zingerone | 1 | 2 | ND | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |
| Warburgia ugandensis stem bark | Bemadienolide | 1 | 0 | ND | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Muzigadial, | 1 | 1 | ND | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
| Polygodial | 1 | 2 | ND | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | |
| Warbuganal, | 1 | 1 | ND | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
| warbugadione, | 1 | 0 | ND | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| warbugadial, | 1 | 0 | ND | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| Warbugin | 1 | 0 | ND | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| Ugandensidial, | 1 | 1 | ND | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
| Ugandensolide | 1 | 0 | ND | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Key: ND Not determined, ppm parts per million