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. 2023 Sep 29;8:144. doi: 10.1038/s41541-023-00733-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Size number and b Zeta potential distribution of LNPs. c Cryo-TEM images of LNPs. d Biodistribution and e Quantitative analysis of luciferase expression in mice after 6 h following IV and SC administration of LNP@Luc-mRNA vaccine (n = 3). f Biodistribution and g Quantitative analysis of luciferase expression in mice over time following IV (left) and SC (right) vaccination with LNP@Luc-mRNA (Error bar = mean ± SEM, n = 3). Statistics were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. *P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 were considered highly significant. LNP lipid nanoparticle, IV intravenous, SC subcutaneous, LNP@Luc-mRNA nanoparticles loaded with mRNA encoding luciferase.