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. 2023 Sep 30;14:6119. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41860-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Experimental design for PAX4 knockdown approaches using siRNA and shRNA in EndoC-βH1 cells. b PAX4 gene expression following transient transfection of siPAX4 and non-targeting (siNT) control in EndoC-βH1 cells. c Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion of 2.8 mM and 16.7 mM glucose in siNT and siPAX4 EndoC-βH1 cells, normalized to total protein then to 2.8 mM glucose. d PAX4 gene expression in PAX4-knockdown (shPAX4) and control (shScramble) EndoC-βH1 cells following six passages of antibiotic selection (n = 6). e Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion assay comparing shPAX4 and shScramble EndoC-βH1 cells, normalized to total DNA and then to 2.8 mM glucose (n = 3). f Relative fold change of total insulin content in shPAX4 and shScramble EndoC-βH1 cells, normalized to total DNA content (n = 3). g INS transcript expression in shScramble and shPAX4 EndoC-βH1 cells (n = 8). h GCG transcript expression in shScramble and shPAX4 EndoC-βH1 cells (n = 6). i ARX transcript expression in shScramble and shPAX4 EndoC-βH1 cells (n = 6). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Each data point represents one independent experiment. Statistical analysis of two samples was performed by paired t test or a two-way ANOVA for comparison of multiple groups. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Source data is provided in the Source Data File.