Table 1.
Summary of the included studies.
| Author and Year | No. of Patients | Age/Average Age (years) | Sex | Study Design | Symptoms | Symptom duration (h) | Type of SDH | Oral Anticoagulants before HD | Anticoagulants for HD | Dose of anticoagulants for HD | SDH-detection method | Treatment modalities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prasad et al., 2022 (13) | 1 | 27 | F | Case Report | Consciousness disturbance | NA | Chronic | NA | NA | NA | CT | Levetiracetam; vitamin K; burr hole |
| Fayed et al., 2021 (14) | 41 | 56.3 | F (n = 18), M (n = 23) | Retrospective case series | NA | NA | Acute (n = 15); Chronic (n = 7) | Warfarin (n = 10) | Heparin | 500 IU at the start of HD; 500 IU every hour | CT | No surgery (n = 19); surgery (n = 22) |
| Uchio et al., 2021 (15) | 1 | 81 | F | Case Report | Vomiting; nausea | NA | Acute | NA | NA | NA | CT | Fasting and antihypertensives |
| Power et al., 2010 (16) | 11 | 71.3 | NA | Retrospective case series | NA | NA | NA | NA | Heparin | 500 IU at the start of HD; 500 IU every hour | NA | No surgery (n = 8); surgery (n = 3) |
| Mesquita et al., 2008 (17) | 1 | 65 | M | Case Report | Hemiparesis | 0.2 | Acute | NA | Heparin | NA | CT | Valproic acid; vancomycin; craniotomy |
| Sengul et al., 2005 (18) | 1 | 26 | F | Case Report | Headache; vomiting; hemiparesis | 1 | Acute | NA | Heparin | NA | CT | Twist drill |
| Zingale et al., 1999 (19) | 1 | 77 | M | Case Report | Consciousness disturbance | NA | Chronic | NA | Heparin | NA | CT | Burr hole |
| Kopitnik et al., 1989 (20) | 1 | 48 | M | Case Report | Consciousness disturbance | NA | Chronic | NA | Heparin | NA | CT | Burr hole |
| Inzelberg et al., 1989 (21) | 1 | 28 | F | Case Report | Hemiparesis | 1 | Chronic | Warfarin | Heparin | NA | CT | Dexamethasone; antibiotic |
| Sayre et al., 1987 (22) | 1 | 29 | M | Case Report | Consciousness disturbance | NA | NA | NA | Heparin | 1,100 IU | CT | Craniotomy |
| Isiadinso et al., 1976 (23) | 4 | 65 | M | Retrospective case series | Headache | NA | Chronic | NA | Heparin | NA | Carotid arteriography | Craniotomy |
| Bechar et al., 1972 (24) | 2 | 27.5 | F, M | Case Report | Headache | NA | Chronic and acute | Sintrom | Heparin | NA | Carotid arteriography | Craniotomy |
| Talalla et al., 1970 (25) | 3 | 29.3 | F (n = 2), M | Retrospective case series | Headache | NA | Acute (n = 1); Chronic (n = 2) | Warfarin (N = 2) | Heparin | 1,500 IU (n = 2) | Surgical exploration (n = 1); carotid arteriography (n = 1); autopsy (n = 1) | Burr hole and craniotomy (n = 1); craniotomy (n = 1) |
| Zarowny et al., 1970 (26) | 1 | 46 | M | Case Report | Headache | 1.5 | Acute | Anticoagulant | Heparin | NA | Surgical exploration | Burr hole |
| Del et al., 1970 (27) | 1 | 28 | F | Case Report | Headache | NA | NA | NA | Heparin | 45–60 mg | CT | Regional heparinization |
| Leonard et al., 1969 (28) | 3 | 64.3 | M | Retrospective case series | Headache (n = 2); consciousness disturbance | NA | Acute (n = 2); Chronic (n = 1) | NA | Heparin | NA | Autopsy (n = 1); surgical exploration (n = 1); CT (n = 1) | Discontinuation of dialysis (n = 1); craniotomy (n = 2) |
SDH, subdural hematoma; CT, computed tomography; h, hour; NA, not available.