Table 1.

Organizations working towards addressing the AMR threat.

Organization	Description
World Health Organization (WHO)	The global human health sector response to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is led by the WHO, which collaborates closely with countries as they prioritize, implement, and evaluate their interventions. The AMR response is based on four strategic priority areas: (i) stepping up leadership for AMR response; (ii) driving public health impact in every country to address AMR; (iii) R&D for better access to quality AMR prevention and care; and (iv) monitoring the AMR burden and global AMR response (WHO, 2022).
Centre for Disease Control (CDC)	The CDC leads the public health response of the United States of America (USA) to combat antibiotic resistance. It addresses the AMR threat through collaboration with other federal agencies, state and local health departments, patients, public health partners, and the private sector. The CDC has invested in more than 330 innovative antibiotic resistance projects from 2016 to 2020, spanning more than 30 countries, to curb the spread of resistance globally (CDC, 2022).
Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (CARB-X)	CARB-X is a global non-profit partnership dedicated to accelerating antibacterial research to tackle the threat of drug-resistant bacteria. It is funded by a global consortium of governments and foundations, focusing mainly on the WHO and CDC priority list of pathogens. The CARB-X portfolio represents the world’s most scientifically diverse early-development pipeline of new antibiotics, vaccines, rapid diagnostics, and other products to prevent, diagnose, and treat life-threatening bacterial infections (CARB-X, 2023).
AMR-Global	AMR-Global is a public-private partnership (PPP) that brings together experts from science, business, policy, and society in the fight against AMR. The organization works towards equitable access to effective and affordable antimicrobial solutions for all. Through innovations, the partnership works on improving infection prevention and control, access to improved diagnostics, antimicrobial stewardship, and effective antimicrobial drugs and vaccines tested in real-world settings globally (AMR-Global, 2022).
World Bank	The World Bank is financing 56 projects in 35 countries to strengthen and develop agricultural, health, water, and sanitation systems, which are critical in preventing the emergence and spread of resistance. Its financing and policy dialogue also provides governments with technical assistance and implementation support for AMR-related investments. It collaborates with international organizations, donors, and country partners to support awareness and understanding of critical issues relating to AMR through reports, training, seminars, and international convenings (World Bank, 2021).
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Research Network (AMRSN) - Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)	The ICMR, India, launched the AMRSN in 2013, which is responsible for generating data on drug-resistant infections and AMR patterns prevalent in the country. The data is being used as a template to devise guidelines, educate, and connect the members of the antimicrobial community. The agency provides newer insights into the molecular mechanisms of resistance, the clonality of drug-resistant pathogens, and the transmission dynamics to enable a better and more in-depth understanding of AMR in the Indian context. To strengthen the preventive measures and reduce antibiotic misuse, ICMR’s nationwide antimicrobial stewardship programme (AMSP) emphasizes on the judicious use of antimicrobials and improving diagnostic stewardship and infection control practices (AMRSN-ICMR, 2019).
Wellcome Trust	Wellcome Trust has been collaborating with the private sector and philanthropic partners to develop the $1 billion AMR Action Fund, which aims to bridge the funding gaps and technical barriers faced by antibiotic developers during later-stage clinical development and ensure the availability of new treatments for drug-resistant infections for the patients who need them the most. The AMR Action Fund aims to bring two to four new antibiotics to market in the next decade and support biotech companies to advance promising antibiotic candidates through the later stages of clinical trials and approvals (Wellcome, 2021).