TABLE 4.
Multinominal logistic regression for the associations between measures of change in neighborhood SES and individual components of the 2012 American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention
| Neighborhood deprivation indexa,b | Neighborhood change in income inequalitya,b | Gentrificationa,b | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of study participants | 11,909 | 11,909 | 11,905 |
| RRR (95% CI) | |||
| American Cancer Society Guideline Componentsc,d | |||
| Alcoholc,d | |||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) | 0.98 (0.69–1.41) | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) |
| High | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 1.16 (0.82–1.64) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) |
| Dietaryc,e | |||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) |
| High | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) | 1.03 (0.75–1.41) | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) |
| Body mass indexc,e | |||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) | 0.98 (0.85–1.12) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) |
| High | 0.86 (0.79–0.95) | 1.05 (0.88–1.26) | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) |
| Body mass indexc,e,f | |||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 0.86 (0.78–0.95) | 1.05 (0.88–1.26) | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) |
| High | 0.87 (0.77–0.97) | 1.13 (0.91–1.41) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) |
| Physical activityc,d | |||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 0.93 (0.73–1.19) | 0.79 (0.50–1.23) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) |
| High | 0.99 (0.76–1.30) | 1.02 (0.64–1.62) | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) |
Abbreviation: RRR, Relative Risk Ratio; SES, socioeconimic status; CI, Confidence Interval; SD, standard deviation.
aOperationalization of each neighborhood measure is described in Table 2. Neighborhood deprivation is interpreted as a 1-SD change with lower values of the index indicate lower deprivation and higher values indicate higher deprivation; Gini income inequality is interpreted as 10-unit change, thus, a 1-unit change represents a 10% increase in inequality; Gentrification index is interpreted as a 1-unit change, with higher scores reflecting greater gentrification.
bAll models adjusted for individual level covariates: age (18–44, 45–65, >65), sex (female, male), married (yes/no), health insurance status (insured/uninsured), combined nativity and years in the U.S. (foreign born and <10 years in U.S., foreign born and 10+ years in U.S., US born), language preference (Spanish, English), Heritage (Central or South American/more than 1 heritage/other, Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican), study site (the Bronx, Chicago, Miami, San Diego), education (<high school, high school or GED, some college, college), household income (less than $30,000, $30,000 or more, missing). Gentrification and Gini income inequality models additionally adjusted for percent foreign born (continuous), while Gini income inequality models also added neighborhood deprivation index.
cOperationalization of the American Cancer Society guideline adherence categories is described in Table 1.
dAnalysis accounted for inverse probability weights for missing accelerometry data.
eAnalysis accounted for complex survey weights for study design.
fSample restricted to never smokers.