TABLE 1.

Lactylation sites and corresponding functions and mechanisms, and metabolic enzymes in different diseases.

Diseases	Lactylation sites	Function and mechanisms	Lactyltransferase	References
Lung myofibroblast	Not mentioned	Histone lactylation of macrophage profibrotic gene promoters promotes the expression of profibrotic mediators in macrophages	p300	33
Alzheimer's disease (AD)	H4K12	The positive feedback loop of H4K12 lactylation/PKM2 in microglia drives the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD)	Not mentioned	112, 113
Atherosclerosis	Not mentioned	Histone lactylation promotes the expression of the M2 gene, accompanied by the silencing of the M1 gene	Not mentioned	114, 115, 116
Cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury (CIRI)	Scl25a4, Src25a5	The Ca2+ signalling pathway regulates neuronal apoptosis through lactylation	Not mentioned	117
Ulcerative colitis	H3K18	Lactate promotes histone H3K9 acetylation and histone H3K18 lactylation to change the polarization state of macrophages	Not mentioned	118
Insulin resistance	Lysine in HSkMC	The presence of lysine lactylation (Kla) in human skeletal muscle, which is associated with insulin resistance	Not mentioned	119
Polymicrobial sepsis	HMGB1	The lactylated or acetylated HMGB1 released from macrophages increases endothelium permeability via exosome secretion and aggravated sepsis	p300/CBP	120