TABLE 2.

Lactylation sites and corresponding functions and mechanisms, and metabolic enzymes in different cancer types.

Cancer types	Lactylation sites	Lactyltransferase (writers)	Delactylase (erasers)	Function and mechanisms in cancer	Therapeutic clues	References
Colon cancer	H3K18	p300	HDAC1‐3	Increase Mettl3 expression in tumour‐infiltrating myeloid cells via enriched lactylation in the promotor region of Mettl3, promote tumour immune escape by regulating TIMs	p300 inhibitor C646	31, 77
Ocular melanoma	H3K18, global lactylation	EP300	Not mentioned	Activate the expression of oncogene YTHDF2, which identifies m6A‐modified PER1 and TP53 mRNAs and promotes their degradation, thus facilitate tumorigenesis	glycolysis inhibitors	34
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)	H3K18, global lactylation	EP300	Not mentioned	Inactive von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) triggers histone lactylation, which activates PDGFRβ‐histone lactylation positive feedback loop in ccRCC and facilitate tumorigenesis	glycolysis inhibitors	137
Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	H4K8	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Histone lactylation increases in HK‐1 and IDH 3G promoters, downregulated mRNA levels of glycolytic enzymes (HK‐1, PKM) and upregulated TCA cycle enzymes (SDHA, IDH3G)	Not mentioned	139
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)	Lys72 of MOESIN	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Lactylation of MOESIN enhances TGF‐β signalling in Treg cells via TGF‐β receptor I, Upregulate Treg cells and maintaining an immunosuppressive microenvironment	Glycolysis inhibitors	76
	H3K9, H3K56	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Increased lactylation of H3 histone effectively promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by promoting LCSC proliferation	Demethylzeylasteral (DML)	125
Prostate cancer	HIF1α	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Stabilizes HIF1α via HIF1α lactylation under normoxia, thus promotes the expression of KIAA1199, which enhances angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry (VM)	Not mentioned	130