Table 3.

Indications for Biofeedback Therapy

Indications for Biofeedback	Contraindications for Biofeedback Therapy
• Constipation with dyssynergic defecation20,21,74,76,77,80 • Fecal incontinence (unresponsive to conservative treatment)21,80 • Levator ani syndrome with dyssynergic defecation (unresponsive to standard in absence of structural or inflammatory etiology of pain)21 • Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome with dyssynergic defecation (unresponsive to behavioral measures, laxative, and topical therapy)21	• Severe neurological disorders21 • Dementia21 •Inability to sit on a commode21 •Developmental disability21 •Visual impairment21 •Pediatric functional constipation, with or without overflow fecal incontinence92–94 •Anal fissure
Additional conditions that may benefit from biofeedback	Additional conditions where biofeedback may be used with caution, but not as standalone treatment
• Rectal prolapse95 • Impaired defecation and rectoceles66,96 • Sphincter thinning 97	• History of sexual abuse without psychologic assessment98