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. 2023 Sep 30;16:198. doi: 10.1186/s13048-023-01278-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — hUC-MSCs activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway by mediating VEGF in the ovary; scale bar: 100 μm. A The localization of PKH26 labeled hUC-MSCs in the POF ovary after transplanting for 2, 7, and 14 days. B The human ALU gene levels in rat ovary after hUC-MSCs transplanting for 2, 7, and 14 days. C VEGF levels in serum after hUC-MSCs transplanting for two days. D The biological process of GO enrichment involved in VEGF regulating oxidative stress. E The signaling pathways of differential proteins enrichment after MSCs transplantation. F VEGF and PI3K/AKT/mTOR-related protein expressions in ovaries after MSCs transplantation. VEGFA (G) and VEGFB (H) expressions were determined in ovaries using immunohistochemistry; scale bar: 500 μm and 200 μm. I The quantification of VEGFA and VEGFB expression in G and H, respectively. *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01